BMIM LIBRARY

ECOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2010-11-24T04:20:00.000-08:00

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Course Objective

The course acquaints the students with the environmental issues surrounding business and help them to develop a perspective for effectively managing these issues.

Module I

Concept of sustainable global development – Issues affecting ecological equilibrium – population growth – depletion of natural resources – industrial and urban population –global warming .

ModuleII

Impact of industrial and business activities on the environment –role of competition and consumerism – issues in environment management for business – Natural resources and energy management – optimal use of fossil fuels – use of non –conventional energy resources.

Module III

Concern for environment: in produce development- production process-packaging – distribution – marketing – strategies for ensuring environment friendly business operations – green funding – environmental ethics.

Module IV

Managing industrial pollution – developing recycling technologies – managing industrial waste – maintaining bio-diversity – government and institutional support for establishing and maintaining environment friendly business.

Module V

Environment impact studies and assessment – Environment accounting and audit – environment managing system – EMS standards – ISO 14000 – international initiatives for environment management – WTO provisions and other international treaties – issues and challenges for environment management in the globalized world.

UNIT 1

ECOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Sustainable development is the method of using resources strategically, so as to retain them for the future. The term was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most popular definition of sustainable development as development that 'meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' In this unit, you will study about the concept of sustainable global development in detail. You will be familiarized with ecology, ecological balance and about the issues affecting ecological equilibrium. The unit will deal with problems such as population growth, natural resources and their depletion, industrial and urban population, and global warming. Along with a detailed discussion of the topics mentioned, the unit will also discuss the ways to overcome these problems.

1.2 SUSTAINABLE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the needs of the future generations. In other words, every generation should leave air, water and soil resources pure and unpolluted. Although it is a difficult proposition, it can be achieved through proper environmental management. Sustainable development has three important interdependent components, which are as follows:

(i) Economic development: Utilization of natural resources for cultivation, industrialization, creating job opportunities and raising quality of life.

(ii) Social development: Providing basic needs like food, clothes, shelter,health, education, etc.

(iii) Environmental protection: Providing clean water, air, soil, i.e., safe environment to the present as. well as the future generations.

Human civilization through their excellence in scientific and technological fields has reached a level where they can produce more of their own kinds by cloning, exploit lands of other planets and receive information from any part of the world. However, at the same time, human civilization is facing the greatest challenge for survival due to the catastrophe created through environmental degradation.

To meet the basic requirements of ever increasing population, industrialization is a must, but it results in pollution, environmental degradation and causes ecological imbalances. At the same time, industrial development cannot be sacrificed as it creates job opportunities, raises the standard of living and solves unemployment problems. In view of this, a balance has to be struck so that development and environmental protection can occur simultaneously. To achieve this goal, sustainable development is the only answer. Development can take place if the following concepts are taken care of:. Control of population growth

. Reduction in excessive usage of resources and enhancing resource conservation, i.e., continuous use of renewable resources and protection of non-renewable resources from wastage and rapid depletion. Recycling and reuse of materials for waste minimization. Scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources,

which have a life cycle and inherent sustainable qualities

However, without proper social and economic development, sustainable development cannot he achieved. In order to do so, we will have to eradicate poverty through almost equal distribution of resources, support social justice and equality.

1.3

ECOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Ecology is a branch of science that deals with the interrelationship between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of nature, as well as with the relationship

among the individuals, population and community of the biotic components.The term 'ecology' is derived from two Greek words-oikos (meaning house) and logos (meaning study of)-and is used to denote the relationship between the organisms and their environment.Ecology has been defined in a number of ways. According to Woodbury (1954), 'Ecology is a science which investigates organisms in relation to their environment.' E.P. Odum (1969) defined ecology as 'the study of structure and function of nature'. The most acceptable definition of ecology was proposed by Charles Krebs (1985), who maintained: 'Ecology is the scientific study of the interaction that determines the distribution and abundance of organisms. 'In ecology, the term 'habitat' is used to denote the place where the population of an organism or species lives, for example, a pond. The pond is the habitat of zooplankton and fish. 'Niche' is the fundamental unit of the population of an organism or species in the community. Whereas 'habitat' is the place where an organism lives, 'niche' is the activity (functional) aspect of the organism. 'Population' is used to denote groups of individuals of anyone kind of organism and' community' or biotic community includes all the populations of a given area, called habitat. Ecology plays a significant role in our day-to-day life. It is concerned with agriculture, horticulture, conservation of soil, forest, wildlife, water resources, etc.

Objectives of ecology

The importance of ecology is due to the presence of man in the ecosystem. Man interacts not only with its own species, but also with other living organisms. There are millions of organisms in dynamic coexistence with each other and each one of them plays a significant role in the ecosystem. Ecology, thus, has broad objectives and provides a scientific basis for the aims of environmentalism, as well as for evaluating its goals and policies. Ecology does not dictate what is 'right' or 'wrong' , but provides knowledge about the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics. The objective of ecology is to understand the dynamics of our surroundings and to take proper measures to conserve it if and when required. However, the main objective of ecology is to study the following:. The local and geographical distribution and abundance of organisms. The inter-relationship among organisms in population and communities. The structural adaptations and functional adjustments of organisms to their physical environment

. The behaviour of organisms under natural conditions The biological productivity of nature and its relationship with mankind
Temporal changes in the occurrence, abundance and activities of organisms . Conservation and management of natural resources and pollution

Classification of ecology

Ecology is a broad discipline comprising of many sub-disciplines. A common, broad classification, going from the lowest to the highest complexity, where complexity can be defmed as the number of entities and processes in the system under study is as follows:

. Physiological ecology (eco-physiology) and behavioural ecology: It examines adaptations of an individual to his environment.. Population ecology (or autoecology): It studies the dynamics of population of a single species.
Community ecology (or synecology): It deals with the interactions between species within an ecological community.
Ecosystem ecology: It studies the flows of energy and matter through the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.

. Landscape ecology: It examines the processes occurring in multiple ecosystems or very large geographic areas and studies the relationship between the processes.

Ecology, however, can also be sub-divided into many other branches, such as animal ecology, plant ecology, insect ecology, desert ecology, pedology, palaeoecology, ethology, space ecology.

1.3.1 Ecological Balance

Ecological balance or stability ecosystem of the implies a balance between the production and consumption of each component in the ecosystem. According to T.D. Brock, 'Steady state condition in natural ecosystem is a time independent condition in which production and consumption of each constituent in the system is exactly balanced, the concentration of all constituents within the system remains constant, even though there occurs a continual change.'

There are a number of theories, mechanisms and models to explain the stability Of the ecosystem. The important ones are as follows:

(i) Theory of diversity or stability: If there is diversity of food webs, it. will lead to an increase in number of links in the food web and if community succession operates in an ecosystem, the stability will increase.

(ii) Homeostatic mechanism: Inbuilt, self-regulating mechanism is known as homeostatic mechanism. If within an ecosystem the population of

species increases significantly, the result will be scarcity of food, leading to competition for food. Most species will die of starvation and the species population will be brought back to its original value and the stability will be restored.

(iii) Models: The equilibrium, as well as non-equilibrium model can explain stability. Thus, if the ecosystem is disturbed by external factors, it may quickly return to its original state by some adjustments, restoring the stability. However, if it does not return to its original state, the disordered arrangement might lead to cross-relationships and make the system stable.

1.3.2 Issues Affecting Ecological Equilibrium

Ecological factors

In an ecosystem, a living organism is influenced by a large number of environmental factors. These environmental factors are known as ecological factors or eco-factors.These factors may be biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living). All the envirOJ mental factors bring marked distributional, structural and functional changes in orgmri.>ms. To live, grow and carry out all its activities, an organism requires a harmonious relationship with its immediate environment. The differences in vegetation of a desert and a rain forest, fish in sweet water and saline water, animals in tropical countries and cold countries, clearly indicate the role of environmental factors in the distribution and survival of organisms in different eco-systems.

The organisms subjected to diurnal, seasonal, annual and cyclic relations of the environment, develop strategies to cope with these changes for their survival. Only those which are able to cope with the conditions, remain and those who cannot, become extinct.

The ecological factors can be classified into the following:

1. Climatic factors: (i) light (ii) temperature (iii) nature (iv) rainfall (v) wind (vi) humidity (vii) atmospheric gases (viii) pH. A variation in these factors affects the distribution and lifestyle of organisms.

2. Topographic factors: (i) altitude (ii) slope and direction of mountain chain and valleys.

3. Edaphic factors: Structure, formation and characteristics of different types of soils.

4. Biotic factors: Biotic factors are derived from the interactions between different species of life (intra-specific as well as inter-specific). The different species mentioned here are plants, micro-organisms and animals.

5. Limiting factors: Denote the amount of substance that is either least abundant or over abundant in relation to the need of the living organism.

Climatic factors

(i) Light

Light plays a vital role for both plants and animals. Sunlight is the ultimate source of energy for the biological world. Light is highly essential for photosynthesis, plays an important role in respiration and transpiration, regulates hormones in plants thereby modifying the shape and size and influences the growth and development of flowers, fruits, germination and distribution of plants.

As far as animals are concerned, light influences reproduction and metabolism.

(ii) Heat

Like light, heat exerts a profound influence on the physiological and biochemical activities of organisms. Generally, organisms prefer to conduct their activities in a temperature region of 4°C to 45°C. The physiological effects of temperature are the mineral absorption in plants, water intake, growth, germination in plants and distribution, migration, hibernation and reproductive activities in animals. Both plants and animals exhibit morphological, ecological and physiological adaptation to the variation in temperature. The biochemical effects are due to enzymes and hormonal changes and are related to the temperature.

(iii) Water

Water is one of the most important materials necessary for life. All the physiological processes take place in water. The availability of water in an ecosystem affects the distribution, growth and other activities of its organisms.

(iv) Rainfall

Rainfall (precipitation) determines the type of vegetation in any region. Tropical regions support thick evergreen forests as it experiences heavy rainfall throughout the year. Grasslands are found in regions where there is heavy rainfall in summer and low rainfall in winter. Due to changes in vegetation, animals and birds in various regions also differ.

(v) Wind

Wind brings physical, anatomical and physiological changes to plants. Excessive transpiration due to wind leads to desiccation and death of apical mersistems. Thus, the plants become dwarf, contain small leaves and more branches. On the mountains, due to the danger of uprooting, the vegetation is composed of species having prostrate growth, with long underground roots. This is known as growth of rhizome type.

(vi) Humidity

The physiological activities of organisms, like transpiration, absorption of water, etc., are greatly influenced by humidity. Thus, humidity plays an important role in the life of plants and animals.

(vii) Atmospheric gases

Gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and inert gases are essential for sustaining life. However, gases like sulphur dioxide (SO), nitrogen dioxide (NO), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and smoke particles from the industries have a major influence on the environment and lead to various physiological changes in plants and animals.

(viii) pH

pH can be a deciding factor in aquatic ecosystem, as far as distribution of organisms is concerned. For aquatic animals as well as for organisms on land, the pH should not be too acidic or too alkaline. For every species, there is an optimum pH level at which they can survive. Large scale industrialization and the discharge of effluents into water bodies or the soil change the pH level to a great extent, endangering the lives of orgasms’.

Topographic factors

The physical geographical factors are known as topographic factors. These factors include altitude, slope and direction of mountain chains and valleys. All these factors affect the climatic conditions of a place and thereby influence the distribution of organisms. With rise in altitude, there is progressive fall in temperature and as we go higher, with a decrease in temperature there is greater activity of the wind. A decrease in soil temperature reduces the absorption of water and nutrients by the plants. In higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure and decreased concentration of oxygen affects animals, particularly mammals. The slope and direction of mountain chains have a pronounced effect on the amount of solar radiation, rainfall, wind velocity, temperature and on the whole, the climate of the area. This, in turn, affects vegetation patterns and thus, the distribution of animals.Edaphic factors deal with the structure formation and characteristics of different types of soils. Soil provides mechanical anchorage to plants and holds water and mineral ions for the plants. They provide a basis for the activities of micro-organisms and animals. Soil contains organic and inorganic colloids, electrolytes, organic matter and soil organism. Soil water forms the lifeline of soil organisms, since proper growth of micro-organisms and invertebrate population within the soil occurs in soil containing adequate moisture. Water is a solvent for the organic nutrients as well as minerals and thus, its contents regulate the physiological, morphological and anatomical features of plants.

Air, found in soil pores, contains CO2, °2' and N2 while their quantity differs from soil to soil. Soil air is a very important edaphic factor that determines the types of micro-organisms, soil animals and vegetation that can grow in the soil. Similar to soil water, it also brings about morphological, physiological and anatomical changes in plants and animals.

The temperature of the soil is very important as it affects the growth of micro¬organisms, plants and animals. The temperature influences growth of the roots, the ability of the roots to absorb nutrients and movement of organisms.

Soil pH and salinity are also important because when the pH of the soil is very high (highly alkaline) grows on the soil no vegetation. Soil organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and animals like protozoa, nematodes, earthworms modify the structure of the soil, increase soil fertility, and help to form humus. Nitrogen fixing bacteria and blue-green algae fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase soil fertility. Thus, a change in any of the soil constituents will have a tremendous effect on the whole.

Biotic factors

The living components (animals and plants) of the environment are considered as biotic factors. Organisms in the environment interact among themselves and this may be intra-specific (between populations of same organism) or inter-specific (between populations of different species). Some of the interactions are mutually beneficial while some are beneficial to only one species without harming the others or by harming the others. These interactions are very essential for the occurrence of the biotic factors. Based on the nature of the influence, these interactions can be classified as follows:

(i) Symbiosis

In symbiosis, two different species depend upon each other metabolically and thus, are mutually benefitted. The species are known as symbionts. For example, Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous roots are the symbionts. In this case, the bacteria get protective space to live in and derive readymade food from leguminous roots. The leguminous roots, on the other hand, utilize the fixed nitrogen in the bacteria to manufacture proteins.

(ii) Commensalism

In this case, one species is benefited while the other either benefits or remains neutral. The members are called the commensals and this association, is known as commensalism. For example, some algae and fungi join together to form a different life form known as lichens. The algae manufacture food through photosynthesis, which the fungi utilize and in return, the fungi protects the algae from drying up and together both colonize tree barks, rocks, etc.

Some terrestrial insects and marine animals share the nest or burrow of others without causing any damage to it.

(iii) Parasitism

In this case, there are two different species, i.e., one is the parasite and the other, host. In this relationship, it is the parasite that is benefited and the host harmed. The two different species may be two plants or animals; for example, mosquitoes, bedbugs, lice are the parasites which live on hosts like animal and man, harming them.

(iv) Epiphytism

In this case, epiphytes grow on other plants, but do not derive food from them; for . example, Lianas, a woody plant has roots in the ground but takes the support of other plants to climb.

Some carnivorous plants, like Nepenthes, a pitcher plant, grows on other plants but derives food from insects. They have folded leaf lamina, modified into a pitcher-like structure with a lid. Zooplankton enters into the structure through the lid, gets trapped and the soft parts of its body gets digested by the Nepenthes.

(v) Competition

I

Organisms survive on some materials and if these are found inadequate, competition occurs. This competition may be both intra-specific and inter-specific. This leads to the survival or dominance of certain species over others. As all species cannot tolerate same range of temperature, humidity, etc., only those who can, Survive.

Limiting factors

Limiting factors denote the amount of substance that is either least abundant or overabundant in relation to the need of the living organism. Limiting factors may be density dependent, for example, when the food stock is fixed for a given density of population, overpopulation will lead to scarcity of food.

Limiting factor may be density independent, for example, earthquake or tsunami may wipe out an entire population irrespective of whether there are few or many. The density independent limiting factors affecting living organisms may be abiotic factors like climate, soil, wind, temperature, water, etc., or other biotic factors. Some climatic conditions may not be tolerable to certain species and might reduce their population, or in extreme cases, make them extinct. If the soil does not have proper amount 01 nutrients, air and moisture, the plants will not prepare balanced and sufficient amount of food to support animal life, reducing their population. Biotic factors are the most important limiting factors that influence the growth and distribution of plants and animals.

Laws of limiting factors

To explain the effect of different limiting factors on living organisms, number of laws and principles have been proposed by different scientists. They are as follows:

1. Liebig's Law of Minimum: An organism requires minimum quantity of a particular nutrient for its proper growth and if it is depicted below the critical minimum level, the organism will fail to grow or will grow abnormally; for example, if the soil is deficient in anyone nutrient, it will make the other nutrient metabolically inactive and the proper growth of the plant will get restricted.

2. Blackman's Law of Limiting Factor: A biological process is controlled by a number of factors and the deficiency of any of these factors will affect the process on the whole; for example, photosynthesis by plants. Photosynthesis is dependent on the correct amount of water, carbon

dioxide, chlorophyll, intensity of solar radiation and temperature of chloroplast. A deficiency of any of these factors will affect the rate of photosynthesis.

3. Shelford's Law of Tolerance: The law states that, it is not only that the minimum amount of a material can be a limiting factor, but also the excess amount of the same material can be limiting to the growth and development of an organism; for example, all the soil nutrients are equally important for the growth and development of plants, but anything in excess might limit the uptake of the other nutrient, restricting the proper growth.

Every organism, thus, has an ecological minimum and maximum for every factor and the range between two limits is known as limit or zone of tolerance. Thus, every environmental factor has two zones:

(i) Zone of tolerance

(ii) (ii) Zone of intolerance

(i) Zone of tolerance: This zone is favourable for the growth and development of all organisms. Zone of tolerance can be sub-divided into the following (see Figure 1.1):

(a) Optimum zone: It is the most favourable zone for the growth and development of an organism.

(b) Critical minimum zone: It is the lowest minimum limit below which growth and development of the organism ceases.

(c) Critical maximum zone: It is the highest maximum limit above which growth

and development of the organism ceases.

(ii) Zone of intolerance: Tolerance with respect to various factors differs from species to species. Organisms that have a wide range of tolerance for all factors have a better chance of survival, and hence, are widely distributed.

Ecological instability

When an ecosystem is unable to adjust to the environmental changes, it is said to be unstable. The instability occurs due to a number of natural and anthropogenic activities such as destruction of natural vegetation and animal species, partly or completely or by replacing them by other vegetations and animals, introduction of toxic substances like insecticides and pesticides and toxic gases like S02' N02, etc.

1.4 POPULATION GROWTH

The environmental problems we are facing today are multidisciplinary in nature and mainly arise due to population explosion and overexploitation of natural resources. The world population is increasing rapidly and if the present trend continues, it may cross 8 billion in 2025 and by 2100 it may reach 15 billion Population growth mainly contributes to all the world problems. With an increase in population size as well as population density, there is a great impact on the natural resources. However, it is not only population size and density, but also the technological development as well as the availability of resources that contribute to the impact on a country's natural resources. The highly developed countries, no! only due to less population size and density but due to more available resourced and developed technology, consume larger amount of resources than the people 01 third world countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc. Therefore, although population control cannot completely eliminate environment related problems, if can reduce the rate of environmental degradation. The population explosion in Indi! is severe. From 1950 to 1992 the population has gone up from 360 million to 88~ million and is expected to reach approximately 1,400 million by the year 2025, India not only has the second highest population in the world, but the population density is also quite high with 325 persons per square kilometer In the rest of the world, it is 42 persons per square kilometer. China although has the highest population with 20 per cent more compared to India, it has an area thrice than that of our country. Similarly, for other developed countries, there is less population but more area. Table 1.1 illustrates population growth rates of some countries.

Table 1.1 Population Growth Rates for Some Countries

   Country               Population         Birth per             Death per                  Infant  mortality        Rate of

                            in million 1000          1000                 individuals rate                                  natural

                               (1998)                  individuals              in crease

                                                                                   1000 livebirths)             (death per (annual per cent

   China                  1240                        17                        7             31                         1.0

India                   990                       27                          9               72                            2,0

USA                       270                   15                            9               7                             0.6

Russia                   150                      9                          14              17                             - 0.5,)

Germany              83                       10                           10                5                              - 0.1

There is a significant relationship between the education of women and fertility as well as superstition, religious fanatism which leads to population explosion. in India, education for the female child is very poor and at the same time people believe in having more children to increase their earnings. The desire to have sons instead of daughters has also contributed significantly to an increase in the population.

Family welfare programmes by the government can control population growth. The legal age for marriage should be raised and measures to control birth rate should lie popularized.Various contraceptive methods should be applied so that it is accepted by all sections of the society. Abortion can also be an alternative.

The overexploitation of resources due to population explosion and human greed has led to: (i) deforestation (ii) depletion and contamination of surface and ground water (iii) depletion of non-renewable fuels (iv) depletion of non-renewable minerals (v) depletion of biodiversity.

The present environmental crisis lie in the paradigms of scientific materialism and economic determinism, which is yet to learn the limits imposed by eco-systems on economic activity. The economics, therefore, should only expand within the eco systems which have limited regenerative capacities. Sustainable development can be the only solution and it must follow these strategies:

. Control population explosion

. Conserve all kinds of natural resources to maintain biodiversity

. Use renewable resources and reduce the use of non-renewable resources

1.5

NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR DEPLETION

According to Ramade (1984), a natural resource is defined as a form of energy and! or matter which is essential for the functioning of organisms, populations and ecosystems. In the case of humans, natural resource refers to any form of energy or matter essential for the fulfilment of physiological, socio-economic and cultural needs, both at the individual level and that of the community.

Examples of natural resources are water, air, soil, minerals, coal, forests, crops and wildlife. The basic ecological variables-energy, space, time and diversity are sometimes together called natural resources. These natural resources maintain the ecological balance among themselves. Man is the only organism who has disrupted this delicate balance.

1.5.1 Classification of Natural Resources

There are many different classifications of natural resources. 1. Odum's classification

According to Odum (1971), natural resources can be divided into two categories, viz., renewable and non-renewable resources.

(i) Renewable resources: Resources that can be replenished through rapid natural cycles are known as renewable resources. These resources are able to increase their abundance through reproduction and utilization of simple substances. Examples of renewable resources are plants (crops and forests), and animals who are able to reproduce and maintain life cycles. Some examples of renewable resources which do not have life cycle, but can be recycled are wood and wood ¬products, pulp products, natural rubber, fibers (e.g., cotton, jute, animal wool, silk and synthetic fibres) and leather. In addition to these resources, water and soil are also classified as renewable resources. Water is no longer referred to as a renewable resource. This is because of its loss in natural replenishment due to global warming, increased deforestation and resulting disturbances in the hydrological cycle. Groundwater is depleting at a fast pace, and a time will soon come when its existence will be in jeopardy.

As a special case, solar energy, though having a finite life, is considered as a renewable resource in as much as solar energy stocks are inexhaustible on the human scale.

(ii) Non-renewable resources: The resources that cannot be replenished through natural processes are known as non-renewable resources. These are available in limited amounts, which cannot be increased. These resources include fossil fuels (petrol, coal, etc.), metals (iron, copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc, etc.), minerals and salts (carbonates, phosphates, nitrates, etc.). Once anon-renewable resource is consumed, it is gone forever. Then we have to find a substitute for it or do without it.

Non-renewable resources can further be divided into two categories-recyclable and non-recyclable.

(a) Recyclable: These are non-renewable resources which can be collected after they are used and can be recycled. These are mainly the non-energy mineral resources which occur in the earth's crust (e.g., ores of aluminium, copper, mercury, etc.) and deposits of fertilizer nutrients (e.g., phosphate stock and potassium and minerals used in their natural state (asbestos, clay, mica, etc.)

(b) Non-recyclable: These are non-renewable resources which cannot be recycled in any way. Examples of these are fossil fuels and uranium, which provide 90 per cent of our energy requirements.

2. Biotic and abiotic resources

Some authors prefer to classify resources into biotic and abiotic resources.

(i) Biotic resources: These are living resources (e.g., forest, agriculture, fish and wild life) that are able to reproduce or replace them.

(ii) Abiotic resources: These are non-living resources (e.g. petrol, land, minerals,

etc.) that are not able to replace themselves or do so at such a slow rate that they are not useful to consider them in terms of the human life times.

3. Inexhaustible and exhaustible resources

Natural resources can also be classified as: inexhaustible and exhaustible resources.

(i) Inexhaustible resources: Resources which are not changed or exhausted by man's activities and are abundantly available are said to be inexhaustible. Examples of such resources are solar energy, atomic energy, wind power, power from tides, etc. Most of the renewable resources are classified as inexhaustible. But if not maintained properly, they become extinct; for example, groundwater is renewable only if water continues to percolate in the soil at a rate at which it is removed.
i) Exhaustible resources: These resources are limited in nature and they are non-maintainable, e.g., coal, petrol and some minerals. Hence, they come under the non-renewable category.

Even our renewable resources can become non-renewable if we exploit them to such extent that their rate of consumption exceeds their rate of regeneration. For example, if a species is exploited so much that its population size declines below the threshold level, then it is not able to sustain itself and gradually the species becomes endangered or extinct.

It is very important to protect and conserve our natural resources and use them in a judicious manner, so that we do not exhaust them. It does not mean that we should stop using most of the natural resources. Rather, we should use the resources in such a way that we always save enough of them for our future generations.

The following are some of the major natural resources:
1. Forest resources

2. Water resources

3. Mineral resources
4. Food resources

5. Energy resources
6. Land resources

1.5.2 Forest Resources

Forest resource is the dense growth of trees, together with other plants, covering a large area of land. Forests are one of the most common natural resources found on earth. Covering earth like a green blanket, these forests not only produce innumerable material goods, but also provide several environmental services which are essential for life. About one-third of the world's land area is forested, which includes closed as
well as open forests. Former USSR accounts for about one-fifth of the world's forests,Brazil [or about one-seventh and Canada and USA has 6-7 per cent each. But, it is a I matter of concern that almost everywhere the cover of the natural forests has declined lover the years. The greatest loss occurred in tropical Asia, where one-third of the forest resources have been destroyed.

. Uses of forests

I Commercial uses: Forests provide us a large number of commercial goods which include timber, firewood, pulpwood, food items, gums, resins, non-edible oils, rubber, fibres, lac, bamboo canes, fodder, medicine, drugs and many more items, the total of which is estimated to cost more than US $300 billion per year.

Half of the timber that is cut each year is used as fuel for heating and cooking.One-third of the wood harvest is used for building materials as lumber, plywood and hardwood, particle board and chipboard. One-sixth of the wood harvest is converted into pulp and used for paper industry. Many forest lands are used for mining, agriculture, grazing, and recreation and for development of dams.

Ecological uses: While a typical tree produces commercial goods worth about US $590, it provides environmental services worth nearly US $196 to US $250.

The ecological services provided by forests may be summed up as follows: 1. Production of oxygen: Trees produce oxygen by photosynthesis which is so vital for life on this earth. They are rightly called earth's lungs.

2. Reducing global warming: The main greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO) is absorbed by the forests as a raw material for photosynthesis. Thus, forest canopy acts as a sink for CO2, thereby reducing the problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gases such as CO2,

3. Wild life habitat: Forests are the homes of millions of wild animals and plants. About 7 million species are found in the tropical forests alone.

4. Regulation of hydrological cycle: Forested watersheds act like giant sponges, absorbing the rainfall, slowing down the run-off and slowly releasing the water for recharging of the springs. About 50-80 per cent of the moisture in the air above tropical forests comes from their transpiration, which helps. in bringing rains.

5. Soil conservation: Forests bind the soil particles tightly in their roots and prevent soil erosion. They also act as windbreaks.

6. Pollution moderators: Forests can absorb many toxic gases and can help in keeping the air pure and clean. They also absorb noise and thus, help in preventing air and noise pollution.

Overexploitation of forests

Since time immemorial, humans have depended heavily on forests for food, medicine, shelter, wood and fuel. With growing civilizations, the demands for raw materials like timber, pulp, minerals and fuel wood shooted up resulting in large-scale logging, mining, road-building and clearing of forests. Our forests contribute substantially to the national economy. The international timber trade alone is worth over US $40 billion per year. Excessive use of fuel wood and charcoal, expansion of urban, agricultural and industrial areas and overgrazing have together led to overexploitation of our forests leading to their rapid degradation.

Deforestation

The total forest area of the world in 1995 was estimated to be 7000 million hectares, which was reduced to 2890 million hectares in 1995 which further fell down to just 2300 million hectares by 2000. The rate of deforestation is relatively less in temperate countries, but it is alarmingly high in tropical countries, where it is as high as 40-50 percent; at the present rate, it is estimated that in the next sixty years we would lose more than 90 per cent of our tropical forests.

The forested area in India seems to have stabilized since 1982 with about 0.04 per cent decline in deforestation annually between 1982-90. In 1993, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) estimated that about 1.44 m hectares of land were brought under afforestation during this period leading to stabilization. As per FAO estimates, the deforestation rate per unit population in India is the lowest among the major tropical countries, despite the fact that we have a huge population size and very low per capita forest area (0.075 ha per capita). However, we are still far behind the target of achieving 33 per cent forest cover, as per our National Forest Policy, as we still have only 19.27 per cent of our land area (63.38 m ha) covered by forests based on satellite data (Ministry of Environment and Forests, MoEF, 1998).

Major causes of deforestation

1. Shifting cultivation: There are an estimated 300 million people living as shifting cultivators who practice slash and burn agriculture. In India, we have this practice in the north-east and to some extent in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and MP which contribute to nearly half of the forest clearing annually.

2. Fuel requirements: Increasing demands for fuel wood by the growing population in India alone has shooted up to 300--500 million tonnes in 2001 as compared to just 65 million tonnes during independence, thereby increasing the pressure on forests.

3. Raw materials for industrial use: Wood for making boxes, furniture, railway¬sleepers, plywood, match boxes, pulp for paper industry, etc., have exerted tremendous pressure on forests. Plywood is in great demand for packing tea, while fir tree wood is exploited greatly for packing apples.

4. Development projects: Massive destruction of forests occur for various development projects like hydroelectric projects, big dams, road construction and mining.

5. Growing food needs: In developing countries, this is the main reason for deforestation. To meet the demands of a rapidly growing population, agricultural lands and settlements are created permanently by clearing forests.

6. Overgrazing: The poor in the tropics mainly rely on wood as a source of fuel leading to loss of tree cover and the cleared lands are turned into grazing lands. Overgrazing by cattle leads to further degradation of these lands.

Major consequences of deforestation

Deforestation has far-reaching consequences, which may be detailed as follows:

1. It threatens the existence of many wild life species due to destruction of their

natural habitat.

2. Biodiversity is lost and genetic diversity is eroded.

3. Hydrological cycle gets affected, thereby influencing rainfall.

4. Problems of an increase in and soil infertility soil erosion.

5. Deforestation often leads to landslides in hilly areas

6. The effects of global warming may aggravate due to lack of oxygen generation

and an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the air.

Major activities in forests

. Timber extraction: Logging for valuable timber such as teak and mahogany not only involves a few large trees per hectare, but about a dozen more trees since they are strongly interlocked with each other by vines, etc., and construction of roads in forests causes further damage to them.

. Mining: Mining operations for extracting minerals and fossil fuels like coal often involve vast forest areas. Mining from shallow deposits is done by surface mining, while that from deep deposits is done by sub-surface mining. More than 80,000 ha of land in this country is presently under the stress of mining activities. Mining and its associated activities require removal of vegetation along with the underlying soil mantle and overlying rock masses. This results in defacing the topography and destruction of the landscape in the area.
Large-scale deforestation has been reported in Mussorie and Dehradun valley due to indiscriminating mining of various minerals over a length of about 40 kIn. The forested area has declined at an average rate of33 per cent and the increase in non-forest area due to mining activities has resulted in relatively unstable zones, leading to landslides.

Indiscriminate mining in forests of Goa since 1961 has destroyed more than 50,000 ha of forest land. Coal mining in Jharia, Raniganj and Singrauli areas have caused extensive deforestation in Jharkhand. Mining of magnesite and soap-stones have destroyed 14 ha of forest in hill slopes of Khirakot, Kosi valley, Almora. Mining of radioactive minerals in Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka are posing similar threats of deforestation. The rich forests of Western Ghats are also facing the same threat due to mining projects for excavation of copper, chromite, bauxite and magnetite.

. Mining engineering: Mining engineering is a field that involves many of the other engineering disciplines as applied to extracting and processing minerals from a naturally occurring environment.

The need for mineral extraction and production is an essential activity of any technically proficient society. As minerals are produced from within a naturally occurring environment, disturbance of the environment as a result of mineral production is a given. Modem mining engineers must, therefore, be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities, but also with the mitigation of damage or changes to an environment as a result of that production and processing.

The two primary types of mines are underground mines and open-pit mines. Minerals that exist relatively deep underground (for example, some coal seams, gold and some metalliferous ores) are generally recovered using underground mining methods. Minerals like iron ore, shallow coal seams and bauxite are usually recovered from the surface by open pit mining.

Dams and their effects on forests and people

Big dams and river valley projects have multi-purpose uses and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru used to refer to these dams and valley projects as 'temples of modern India'. However, these dams are also responsible for the destruction of vast areas of forests. India has more than 1550 large dams, the maximum being in the state of Maharashtra (more than 600), followed by Gujarat (more than 250) and Madhya Pradesh (130). The highest one is Tehri dam, on river Bhagirathi in Uttaranchal and the largest in terms of capacity is Bhakra dam on river Satluj in Himachal Pradesh.

Big dams have been in sharp focus of various environmental groups all over the world, because of several ecological problems including deforestation and socio¬economic problems related to tribal or native people associated with them.

The Silent Valley Hydro-Electric Project was one of the first such projects situated in the tropical rain forest area of West em Ghats, which attracted much concern of the people.

The crusade against the ecological damage and deforestation caused due to Tehri dam was led by Shri Sunderlal Bahaguna, the leader of Chipko Movement. The cause of Sardar Sarovar Dam related issues taken up by the environmental activitist Medha Patkar, joined by Arundhati Roy and Baba Amte.

For building big dams, large-scale devastation of forests takes place which breaks the natural ecological balance of the region. Floods, droughts and landslides occur recurrently in such areas.

Forests are the repositories of invaluable gifts of nature in the form of biodiversity and by destroying them (particularly, the tropical rain forests), we are going to lose these species even before knowing them. These species could have marvelous economic or medicinal value and deforestation results in loss of this storehouse of species which have evolved over millions of years.

1.5.3 Water Resources

Water is an indispensable natural resource on this earth on which all life depends. About 97 per cent of the earth's surface is covered by water and most of the animals and plants have 60-65 per cent water in their body. Water is characterized by certain unique features which make it a marvelous resource. These are:

. Water exists as a liquid over a wide range of temperature i.e., from 0 to 100°C. . It has the highest specific heat, due to which it warms up and cools down very slowly without causing fluctuations in temperature, thereby protecting the aquatic life.

. It has high latent heat of vapourization. Hence, it takes huge amount of energy for getting vapourized. That is why it produces a cooling effect as it evaporates.

. It is an excellent solvent for several nutrients. Thus, it can serve as a very good carrier of nutrients, including oxygen, which are essential for life. It can also easily dissolve various pollutants and become a carrier of pathogenic micro¬organIsms.

. Due to high surface tension and cohesion, it can easily rise through great heights,

through tree trunks even in the tallest of the trees like Sequoia.

. It has an anamolous expansion behaviour, i.e., as it freezes it expands instead of contracting and thus becomes lighter. It is because of this property that even in extreme cold, lakes freeze only on the surface. Being lighter, ice keeps floating, whereas the water underneath the ice remains at a higher temperature and therefore, can sustain aquatic organisms even in extreme cold.

The water we use keeps on cycling endlessly through the environment. This is known as the hydrological cycle. We have enormous resources of water on earth amounting to 1404 million km3. The water from various moist surfaces evaporates and again falls on the earth in the form of rain or snow and passes through living organisms and ultimately returns to the ocean. Every year, about 1.4 inch thick layer of water evaporates from the oceans, more than 90 per cent of which returns to the oceans through the hydrological cycle. Solar energy drives the water cycle by evaporating it from various bodies, which subsequently return through rainfall or snow. Plants too playa very vital role by absorbing the groundwater from the soil and releasing it into the atmosphere by the process of transpiration.

Global distribution of water resources is quite uneven depending upon several geographic factors. Tropical rain forest areas receive maximum rainfall, while the major world deserts occur in zones of dry, descending air (20-40° Nand S) and receive very little rainfall.

F or building big dams, large-scale devastation of forests takes place which breaks the natural ecological balance of the region. Floods, droughts and landslides occur recurrently in such areas.

Forests are the repositories of invaluable gifts of nature in the form of biodiversity and by destroying them (particularly, the tropical rain forests), we are going to lose these species even before knowing them. These species could have marvelous

economic or medicinal value and deforestation results in loss of this storehouse of species which have evolved over millions of years.

1.5.3 Water Resources

Water is an indispensable natural resource on this earth on which all life depends. About 97 per cent of the earth's surface is covered by water and most of the animals and plants have 60-65 per cent water in their body. Water is characterized by certain unique features which make it a marvelous resource. These are:

. Water exists as a liquid over a wide range of temperature i.e., from 0 to 100°C. . It has the highest specific heat, due to which it warms up and cools down very slowly without causing fluctuations in temperature, thereby protecting the aquatic life.

. It has high latent heat ofvapourization. Hence, it takes huge amount of energy for getting vapourized. That is why it produces a cooling effect as it evaporates.

. It is an excellent solvent for several nutrients. Thus, it can serve as a very good carrier of nutrients, including oxygen, which are essential for life. It can also easily dissolve various pollutants and become a carrier of pathogenic micro¬organIsms.

. Due to high surface tension and cohesion, it can easily rise through great heights,through tree trunks even in the tallest of the trees like Sequoia.

. It has an anamolous expansion behaviour, i.e., as it freezes it expands instead of contracting and thus becomes lighter. It is because of this property that even in extreme cold, lakes freeze only on the surface. Being lighter, ice keeps floating, whereas the water underneath the ice remains at a higher temperature and therefore, can sustain aquatic organisms even in extreme cold.

The water we use keeps on cycling endlessly through the environment. This is known as the hydrological cycle. We have enormous resources of water on earth amounting to 1404 million km3. The water from various moist surfaces evaporates and again falls on the earth in the form of rain or snow and passes through living organisms and ultimately returns to the ocean. Every year, about 1.4 inch thick layer of water evaporates from the oceans, more than 90 per cent of which returns to the

oceans through the hydrological cycle. Solar energy drives the water cycle by evaporating it from various bodies, which subsequently return through rainfall or snow. Plants too playa very vital role by absorbing the groundwater from the soil and releasing it into the atmosphere by the process of transpiration.

Global distribution of water resources is quite uneven depending upon several geographic factors. Tropical rain forest areas receive maximum rainfall, while the major world deserts occur in zones of dry, descending air (20--40° N and S) and receive very little rainfall. Water use and overexploitation

Due to its unique properties, water has multiple uses for all living organisms. Water is absolutely essential for life. Most of the life processes take place in water contained in the body. Intake of nutrients, their distribution in the body, regulation of temperature, and removal of wastes are all mediated through water. Water is used by humans in the two following ways:

1. Water withdrawal: This involves taking water from groundwater or surface water resource.

2. Water consumption: Here, the water which is taken up is not returned for reuse.

Water: A precious natural resource

Although water is still abundant on earth, it is very precious. Out of the total water reserves of the world, about 97 per cent is salt water (marine) and only 3 per cent is fresh water. Even this small fraction of fresh water is not available to us completely; most of it is locked up in the polar ice caps and just 0.003 per cent is readily available to us in the form of groundwater and surface water.

Overuse of groundwater for drinking, irrigation and domestic purposes has resulted in rapid depletion of groundwater in various regions leading to lowering of water table and drying of wells. Pollution of many of the groundwater aquifers has resulted in making these wells unfit for consumption.

Rivers and streams have long been used for discharging of wastes. Most of the civilizations have grown and flourished on the banks of rivers, but unfortunately, growth in turn has been responsible for pollution of the rivers.

. Groundwater: About 9.86 per cent of the total fresh water resources is in the form of groundwater and it is about 35-50 times that of surface water supplies. Effects of groundwater usage: (i) Subsidence; (ii) Lowering of water table and (iii) Waterlogging

. Surface water: When the water formed through precipitation (rainfall, snow) does not percolate down into the ground or does not return to the atmosphere through evaporation or transpiration loss, it assumes the form of streams, lakes, ponds, wetlands or artificial reservoirs, known as surface water. The surface water is largely used for irrigation, industrial use, public water supply, navigation, etc. As you know, a country's economy is largely dependent upon its rivers.

The problems arising out of water resources are floods, droughts. Apart from these, there are conflicts over water. Indispensability of water and its unequal distribution has often led to inter-state or international disputes. Issues related to sharing of river water have been largely affecting our farmers and also shaking our governments. Some major water conflicts are: (i) Water conflict in the Middle East¬countries involved are Sudan, Egypt, Turkey-it also affects countries who are water starved, viz., Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Israel and Jordan; (ii) The Indus Water Treaty-there is dispute between India and Pakistan; (iii) The Cauvery water dispute involves two major southern states of India, Tamilnadu and Karnataka. Similarly, the Satluj-Yamuna Link canal dispute also involves two northern states, Punjab and Haryana. Affected states include UP, Rajasthan as well as Delhi.

In traditional water management, innovative arrangements ensure equitable distribution of water. The gram sabhas approve these plans publicly. While water disputes between states and nations often resume battle-like situations, our traditional water managers in villages prove to be quite effective.

Big dams: Benefits and problems

Benefits

River valley projects with big dams have usually been considered to playa key role in the developmental process due to their multiple uses. India has the distinction of

having the largest number of river valley projects. These dams are often regarded as a symbol of national development. Such projects result in providing employment, raising the standard of living and improving the quality of life. Such projects have tremendous potential for economic upliftment and growth. It can check floods and famines, generate electricity and reduce water and power shortages, provide irrigation water to lower areas, provide drinking water in remote areas and bring about overall development of the region.

Environmental problems

The environmental impact of big dams are also too many, due to which, big dams become an issue of controversy quite often. The impacts can be at the upstream as well as the downstream levels.

Upstream problems: These are as follows:

. Displacement of tribal people

. Loss of forests, flora and fauna

. Changes in fisheries and the spawning grounds

. Siltation and sedimentation of reservoirs

. Loss of non-forest land

. Stagnation and waterlogging near reservoir

. Breeding of vectors and spread of vector-borne diseases . Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) causing earthquakes . Growth of aquatic weeds

. Microclimatic changes

Downstream impacts: These are as follows:

. Waterlogging and salinity due to overirrigation . Micro-climatic changes

. Reduced water flow and silt deposition in rivers . Flash floods

. Salt water intrusion at river mouths

. Loss of land fertility along the river since the sediments carrying nutrients get deposited in the reservoir

. Outbreak of vector-borne diseases like malaria

Thus, dams are built to serve the society with multiple uses, but it has several serious side-effects. That it why now there is a shift towards construction of small dams or min-hydel projects.

1.5.4 Mineral Resources

Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids having definite chemical composition and characteristic physical properties. There are thousands of minerals occurring in different parts ofthe world. However, most of the rocks we see everyday are just composed of few common minerals like quartz, feldspar and biotite. These minerals, in turn, are composed of some elements like silicon, oxygen and iron.

Minerals are generally used for development of industrial plants, generation of energy, construction, equipment and armament for defence, transportation, medical system, communication, jewellery-gold, silver, etc.

Environmental impacts of mineral extraction are devegetation and defacing of landscape, subsidence of land, groundwater contamination, surface water pollution, air pollution, occupational health hazards, etc.

Remedial measures include adoption of eco-friendly technology, microbial leaching technique, restoration of mined areas by re-vegetating them with appropriate plant species, stabilization of the mined lands and gradual restoration of flora.

1.5.5 Food Resources

There are thousands of edible plants and animals the world over, yet only about three dozen types constitute the major food of humans. The main food resources include wheat, rice, maize, potato, barley and oats and about twenty or so common fruits and vegetables, milk, meat, fish and seafood.

World food problems

Every year food problem is killing as many people as were hlled by the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima during World War II. This shows thallhere is a drastic need to increase food production, equitably distribute it and also to control population growth. Although India is the third largest producer of staple crops, an estimated 300 million Indians are still undernourished. India has only half as much land as USA, but it has nearly three times population to feed. Our food problems are directly related to population. Due to overgrazing, the agricultural land gets affected. The manifestations of the problem might be through as follows:

. Land degradation

. Soil erosion

. Loss of useful species

Agriculture also makes an impact on the usage of land as follows:

. Deforestation

. Soil erosion

. Depletion of nutrients

The impact of modem agriculture is as follows:

. Impact related to High Yielding Varieties (HYV).

. Fertilizer-related problems include micronutrient imbalance, nitrite pollution and eutrophication.

. Pesticide-related problems include creating resistance in pests and producing new pests, death of non-target organisms, biological magnification.

. Some other problems include waterlogging and increased salinity.

1.5.6 Energy Resources

Energy consumption of a nation is usually considered as an index of its development. This is because almost all the development activities are directly or indirectly dependent upon energy. There are wide disparities in per capita energy use between the developed and the developing nations.

The original form of energy based technology probably was fife, which produced heat and the early man used it for cooking and heating purposes. Wind and hydropower has also been used. Invention of stearn engines replaced the burning of wood by coal and coal was further replaced by oil.

Energy resources are primarily divided into two categories, viz. renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable energy resources must be preferred over the non-renewable resources. This will seek to end the energy crisis which the world is facing today. It is inevitable truth that now there is an urgent need of thinking in terms of alternative sources of energy, which are also termed as non-conventional energy sources. These include solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, tidal energy, ocean thennal energy, geothennal energy, biomass, biogas and biofuels.

The non-renewable energy sources include coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy.

1.5.7 Land Resources

Land as a resource

Land is a finite and valuable resource upon which we depend for our food, fibre and fuel wood-the basic amenities of life. Soil is also a valuable resource.

Land degradation

Because of increase in population, the demands for arable land for producing food and fuel wood is also increasing. Hence, there is more and more pressure on the limited land resources which are being depleted due to overexploitation. Soil erosion, waterlogging, salinization and contamination of the soil with industrial wastes like fly ash, press mud or heavy metals all cause degradation of land.

. Soil erosion: Soil erosion means wearing away of soil. It is defined as the movement of soil components, especially surface-litter and top soil from one place to another. It results in the loss of fertility.

It is basically of two types, viz, normal erosion or geological erosion and accelerated erosion. The agents that cause such erosions are climatic agents and biotic agents. Wind is also responsible for land erosion through saltation, suspension and surface creep.

In order to prevent soil erosion and conserve the soil, the following conservation practices are employed:

• Conservational till fanning

• Contour fanning

• Terracing

• Strip cropping

• Alley cropping

• Wind breaks or shelterbelts

• Waterlogging

. Landslides: Various anthropogenic activities such as hydroelectric projects, large darns, reservoirs, construction of roads and railway lines, construction of buildings and mining are responsible for clearing of large forested areas.

. Desertification: It is a process whereby the productive potential of arid or semiarid lands falls by ten per cent or more. Desertification is characterized by devegetation and loss of vegetal cover, depletion of groundwater, salinization and severe soil erosion. The causes of desertification are deforestation, overgrazing and mining and quarrying.

1.5.8 Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyle

There is a big division in the world in the use of resources, viz., north and south, more developed countries (MDCs) and less developed countries (LDCs), haves and have¬nots.

It is observed that MDCs have only 22 per cent of world's population, but they use 88 per cent of natural resources, 73 per cent of energy and command 85 per cent of income; in turn, they contribute a big proportion to its pollution. On the other hand, LDCs have very low or moderate industrial growth and have 78 per cent of the world's population. They use only 12 per cent of natural resources, 27 per cent of energy and have only 15 per cent of global income. The rich have gone richer and the poor have become poorer. There is a huge gap between them. This is not sustainable growth.

The solution to this problem is to have better equitable distribution of resources and wealth. A global consensus has to be reached for balanced distribution. There are two major causes of unsustainability. These are:

I. Overpopulation in poor countries

2. Overconsumption of resources by rich countries

The rich countries will have to lower their consumption levels and the minimum needs of the poor must be satisfied by providing them resources. The need of the hour is fairer sharing of resources between the rich and poor, which will bring about sustainable development for all. Within the concept of sustainable development, industrial ecology plays a significant role in order to create a balance between industrial development and preservation of natural resources. It refers to the adoption of such industrial processes, technology, equipment and raw material where the products can be recycled after their life cycle is complete or can be put to alternative use or a byproduct can be made out of it. This not only reduces the pressure on raw materials and compensates them for producing afresh, it also reduces the costing impact. Advanced technology also reduces wastage and is more energy efficient.

1.6 INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN POPULATION

It was estimated that by 2008, the world would reach its milestone; more than half its human population-3.3 billion people will be living in urban areas. It is also estimated that by 2030, this population will rise to almost 8 to 8.5 billion, and most of them will be poor. Thus, it is important to make cautious decisions as the future of this growing population and the future of developing countries will depend on the decisions currently made to prepare for this growth.

Over the 20th century, the urban population of the world increased from 220 million to 2.8 billion. The following decades will encounter an unprecedented scale of urban growth in the developing world. It would be specifically noticeable in Asia and Africa as there the urban population will double between the years 2000 and 2030.

This implies that the entire span of history is going to be duplicated in one single generation in the accumulated urban growth of these two regions.

Urbanization means the increase in the urban share of the total population. It is unavoidable; however, it can also be positive. Presently, it is threatening to see the slum growth, social disruption and concentration of poverty in the cities. In spite of the negative effects of urbanization, significant economic growth cannot be achieved without it by any country which is in the industrial age.Cities also represent the environmental damage caused due to modern civilization; yet policymakers and experts continuously recognize the cities' potential value to long-term sustainability. Cities, apart from creating problems to the environment, also contain the solution to it. Also, the advantages of urbanization dominate the disadvantages; if only the possibilities to exploit it could be learnt.

In 1994, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development called on governments to 'respond to the need of all citizens, including urban squatters, for personal safety, basic infrastructure and services, to erifuinate health and social problems. . . .' I Recently, the United Nations Millennium Declaration specified in Target 11 the ambition of achieving' a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers'2, which drew attention to the growing significance of urban poverty.

UN-Habitat's Third World Urban Forum, as well as its State of the World's Cities 2006/7, successfully focused world interest on the deteriorating environmental and social conditions of urban localities.3 The globalization process has also attracted focus to the human cost and to the productive potential of cities. However, the great impact and scale of future urbanization has not entered the mind of the public.So far, the main focus of attention has been on immediate concerns, problems, like ways of accommodating the poor and improving the conditions of living, employment generation, reducing ecological footprint of cities, improving governance, and ways of administering increasingly complex urban systems.

They are important concerns, but when compared to the problems raised by approaching future growth of the urban population, their intensity lessen. Till now, as the challenges came up, the civil society organizations and policymakers have reacted to them. This is not enough any longer; it is necessary to have a pre-emptive approach if in developing countries urbanization is to help solve environmental as well as social problems, instead of making them devastatingly worse.

Thus, it is important to look beyond the current problems, no matter how urgent, real and poignant they are. Yet, it is also a call to action.

Mega-cities get most of the attention; however, conditions in smaller urban areas call for even greater consideration. Opposed to the general belief, the major urban population growth is most likely to be in smaller tClwns and cities, where the possibilities of planning and implementation are very weak. Nevertheless, the process of decentralizing the powers of the government all over the world implies the transfer of more responsibilities on them. As the population in smaller cities increases, their thin planning and managerial capacities will get under a lot of stress. It will be necessary to find new ways to equip them to plan ahead for expansion, to use their resources sustainably and to deliver essential services.

Poor people will make up a large part of future urban growth; this is unavoidable unless timely measures are taken. Rather than migration, the reason behind increase in urban growth is natural increase (lesser death rate and higher birth rate). No matter the reason behind the increase in urban population, it includes a large number of poor people. Choosing to ignore this basic reality will make it impossible either to plan for massive and inevitable city growth or to use urban dynamics to help relieve poverty.

Once the civil society and the policymakers understand and accept the social

and demographic composition of urban growth, some basic approaches and initiatives suggest themselves. These may have an impact on the poor people's fate and on the viability of the cities themselves. Civil society, along with national and urban governments, may take steps which will make a difference for the economic, environmental and social living conditions of a majority of the world's population. This can be done with the help of international organizations.

There are three policy initiatives that are available in this connection. Primarily, respecting the poor people's rights to the city is a minimum prerequisite for an urban future. Mostly, policymakers discourage rural-urban migration as a way of preventing urban growth. They do that by undertaking measures, such as evicting squatters and denying them services. Such attempts of preventing migration are wrong; they violate the rights of the people. They are also counter-productive. There are options that respect human rights that can be undertaken in case the urban growth rates are too high according to the policymakers. Advances in social development, .such as making education available universally, promoting gender equity and equality and meeting reproductive health needs, are important for their own sake. However, they will also enable women in avoiding unwanted pregnancies and reduce the main factor in the growth of urban populations-natural increase.

Second, cities need a longer-term and broader vision of the use of urban space to promote sustainability and reduce poverty. This includes concern with the needs of the land of the poor. The basic essentials for a poor family is an adequate piece of land with accessibility to water, power, transport and sewage, on which they can construct their homes and improve their lives. A new and proactive approach is required to provide all this. Planning for such spatial and infrastructure requirements, keeping in mind the multiple roles and needs of a poor woman, will greatly in1prove the welfare of poor families. Such a people-centric development knits together the social fabric and encourages economic growth that includes the poor. Similarly, purposeful management of space in advance of needs is required to protect the environment and managing ecosystem services in future urban expansion requires.

The urban footprint stretches beyond the boundaries of the city. Also, environmental conditions largely affect and influence cities. Proactive policies for sustainability will be important as well in view of climate change and the considerable proportion of urban concentrations at or near sea level.

Third, population institutions and specialists may and must playa key role in supporting social movements, community organizations, governments and the international community to improve the form and nature of future urban expansion, and hence enhance its power to reduce poverty and promote environmental sustainability. At such a time, a concerted international effort necessary for clarifying policy options and providing information and analyses that will support strategies to improve the urban future.

1.7 GLOBAL WARMING

Troposphere, the lower-most layer of the atmosphere, traps heat by natural processes due to the presence of certain gases. This effect is called greenhouse effect, as it is

similar to the warming effect observed in the horticultural greenhouse made of glass. .

The amount of heat trapped in the atmosphere depends mostly upon the concentration of heat trapping or greenhouse gases and the length of time they stay in the atmosphere. The major green house gases are carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapour.

The average global temperature is 15°e. In the absence of greenhouse gases, this temperature would have been 18°e. Therefore, greenhouse effect contributes to a temperature rise to the tune of33°e.

Heat trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere keeps the planet warm enough to allow us and other species to exist. The two predominant greenhouse gases are water vapour that is controlled by the hydrological cycle, and carbon dioxide that is controlled mostly by the global carbon cycle. While the levels of water vapour in the troposphere have relatively remained constant, the levels of carbon dioxide have increased.

Other gases whose levels have increased due to human activities are methane and nitrous oxide. Deforestation has further resulted in elevated levels of carbon dioxide due to non-removal of carbon dioxide by plants through photosynthesis.

Warming or cooling by more than 2°e over the past few decades may prove to be disastrous for various ecosystems on the earth, including humans as it would alter the conditions faster than some species could adapt to or migrate from. Some areas will become inhabitable because of droughts or floods following rise in the average sea level.

Greenhouse gases

The phenomenon that worries the environmental scientists is that due to anthropogenic activities, there is an increase in the concentration of the greenhouse gases in the air that absorbs infrared light containing heat and results in the re-radiation of much of the outgoing thermal infrared energy, thereby increasing the average surface temperature beyond 15°C. The phenomenon is referred to as the enhanced greenhouse effect to distinguish its effect from the one that has been operating naturally for millennia.

The greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane and nitrous oxide. These are the greenhouse gases present in the troposphere which result in an increase in the temperature of air and earth.

Impacts of enhanced greenhouse effect

The enhanced greenhouse effect will not only cause global warming, but will also

affect various other climatic and natural processes. They are as follows:

1. Global temperature increase: It is estimated that the earth's mean temperature will rise between 1.5 to 5.5 °c by 2050, if inputs of greenhouse gases continues to rise at the present rate. Even at the lower value, earth would be warmer than it has been for the past 10,000 years.

2. Rise in sea level: With the increase in global temperature, sea water will expand. Heating will melt the polar ice sheets and glaciers resulting in further rise in sea level. Current models indicate that an increase in the average atmospheric temperature 3degree C would raise the average global sea level by 0.2-1.5 metres over the next 50-100 years.

One metre rise in sea level will inundate low-lying areas of cities like Shanghai, Cairo, Bangkok, Sydney, Hamburg and Venice, as well as agricultural lowlands and deltas in Egypt, Bangladesh, India, China. This will affect rice productivity. This will also disturb many commercially important spawning grounds, and would probably increase the frequency of storm damage to lagoons, estuaries and coral reefs.

In India, the Lakshadweep Islands with a maximum height of 4 m above the sea level is vulnerable. Some of the cities like Mumbai may be saved by heavy investment on embankments to prevent inundation.

Life of millions of people who have build homes in the deltas of Ganges, the Nile, the Mekong, the Yangtze and the Mississippi rivers will be affected, by the sea level rise.

3. Effects on human health: Global warming will lead to changes in the rainfall pattern in many areas, thereby affecting the distribution of vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis and elephantiasis.

Areas which are presently free from diseases like malaria may become the breeding ground for the vectors of such diseases. The areas likely to be affected in this manner are Ethiopia, Kenya and Indonesia. Warmer temperature and more water stagnation will favour breeding of mosquitoes, snails and some insects, which are the vectors of such diseases.

Higher temperature and humidity will increase/aggravate respiratory and skin diseases.

4. Effects on agriculture: There are different views regarding the effect of global warming on agriculture. It may show positive or negative effects on various types of crops in different regions of the world. Tropical and subtropical regions will be more affected since the average temperature in these regions is already on the higher side. Even a rise of 2°C may be quite harmful to crops. Soil moisture will decrease and evapo-transpiration will increase, which may drastically affect wheat and maize production.

Increase in temperature and humidity will increase pest growth like the growth of vectors for various diseases. Pests will adapt to such changes better than the crops.

To cope with the changing situation, drought resistant, heat resistant and pest resistant varieties of crops have to be developed.
Measures to check global warming

To slow down enhanced global warming, the following steps will be important:

1. Cut down the current rate of use of CFCs and fossil fuel

2. Use energy more efficiently

3. Shift to renewable energy resources

4. Increase in nuclear power plants for electricity production

5. Shift from coal to natural gas

6. Trap and use methane as a fuel

7. Adopt sustainable agriculture

8. Stabilize population growth

9. Efficiently remove carbon dioxide from smoke stacks

10. Plant more trees

11. Remove atmospheric carbon dioxide by utilizing photosynthetic algae

Acid rain

Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen originating from industrial operations and fossil fuel combustion are the major sources of acid-forming gases. Acid-forming gases are oxidized over several days by which time they travel several thousand kilometres. In the atmosphere, these gases are ultimately converted into sulphuric and nitric acids. Hydrogen chloride emission forms hydrochloric acid. These acids cause acidic rain. Acid rain is only one component of acidic deposition. Acidic decomposition is

the total wet acidic deposition (acid rain) and dry deposition.

Rainwater is turned acidic when its pH falls below 5.6. In fact, clean or natural ~ rainwater has a pH of 5.6 at 200e because of formation of carbonic acid due to the \ dissolution of CO2 in water.

In the absence of rain, dry deposition of acid may occur. Acid forming gases like oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and acid aerosols get deposited on the surface of water bodies, vegetation, soil and other materials. On moist surfaces or in liquids, these acid forming gases can dissolve and form acids similar to that formed in acid ram.

Effects of acid rain

Acid rain causes a number of harmful effects below pH 5.1. The effects are visible even at pH less than 5.5.

1. It causes deterioration of buildings, especially made of marble, e.g., monuments like Taj Mahal. Crystals of calcium and magnesium sulphate are formed as a result of corrosion caused by acid rain.

2. It damages stone statues. Priceless stone statues in Greece and Italy have been

partially dissolved by acid rain.

3. It damages metals and car finishes.

4. Aquatic life especially fish are badly affected by lake acidification.

5. Aquatic animals suffer from toxicity of metals such as aluminium, mercury,manganese, zinc and lead which leak from the surrounding rocks due to acid ram.

6. It results in reproductive failure, and killing of fish.

7. It damages foliage and weakens trees.

8. It makes trees more susceptible to stresses like cold temperature, drought, etc.

Many insects and fungi are more tolerant to acidic conditions, and hence, they can attack the susceptible trees and cause diseases.

Control of acid rain

1. Emission ofS02 and N02 from industries and power plants should be reduced by using pollution control equipment.

2. Liming of lakes and soils should be done to correct the adverse effects of acid ram.

3. A coating of protective layer of inert polymer should be given in the interior of water pipes

MBA 3rd Sem - 2009

2010-11-09T03:42:00.000-08:00

G 1074

(Pages 2)

Reg. No ....................

Name ....................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION MANAGEMENT

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

Write short notes on :

1. Promotion mix.

2. Consumer behaviour.

3. Advertising budget.

5. Advertising research.

4. Media planning.

6. Advertising agencies.

7. Sales promotion.

9. Role of promotion in marketing mix.

8. Trade Fare.

10. Publicity importance.

(6 x 2 = 12 marks)

Section B

Answer all questions.

Each question carries 10 marks.

11. (a) Detail the relationship between promotion and consumer behaviour. Justify promotion as a

tool in marketing mix.

Or

(b) Brief the objectives of advertising management. Explain the features of planning vehicles.

12. (a) Describe the mechanism of advertising research. State and explain the uses of outdoor advertising.

Or

(b) Explain the different techniques of sales promotion. Bring out the recent trends in sales

promotion.

3. (a) Elaborate the steps involved in planning and managing sales promotion programme. Brief

the role of public relations.

Or

(b) Explain the ways and means to evaluate the effectiveness of sales promotion programme. List

a few promotional activities.

(3 x 10 = 30 marks;

Section C (Compulsory)

14. Justify the following statements and then analyse.Advertising stimulates demand".''Advertising reinforces the middlemen's promotional efforts". It is important to measure the effectiveness of advertising from time to time. Pre and Post testing of advertising are undertaken to ascertain on the impact of advertising on consumer.

Question: ¬

Examine the suitability of following media in relation to some product or service: ¬

(a) TV.

(b)Sticker advertising.

(1 x 18 = 18 marks)

DC 230

(Pages: 2)

Re g. No

Name ..........................................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2009

Third Semester

Faculty of Management Sciences

For Branch I-Elective VI For Branch III-Elective II

ADVERTISING AND SALES PROMOTION MANAGEMENT

Time: Three Hours

{

2004 admission onwards: 60 Marks

Maximum:

2003 admissions : 75 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions.

Write short notes on :

1. Marketing mix.

2. Personal selling.

3. Advertising research.

4. Positioning strategy.

5. Sales promotion tools.

6. Outdoor advertising.

7. Advertising standards.

8. Corporate advertising.

9. Public relations.

10. Promotion mix.

(6 x 2Y2 = 15 marks)

(6 x 3 = 18 marks)

Section B

Answer any three questions.

11. Name the seven positioning strategies with an example for each of them.

Or

12. What are the criteria for advertisability of a product?

13. What do you understand by copywriting ? Explain the qualities of an effective copy.

Or

14. Mention the 5M's advertising and explain each in detail.

15. Write brief explanation:

(i) Role of PR in Corporate image.

(ii) Any three methods of consumer promotion.

(ill) Explain USP with an example.

Or

16. (a) Distinguish between Indoor Advertising and Outdoor advertising.

(b) Press advertising and outdoor advertising.

(c) Different techniques in sales promotion.

(3 x 10 = 30 marks) (3 x 11 = 33 marks)

Section C (Compulsory)

17. (a) State the various media options in respect of satellite television available to Indian Companies

and its effects/impacts on press medium.

(b) Write short notes on:

(i) Fairs and Exhibitions.

(ii) Transit Advertising. (ill) POP advertising.

. (c) How would you develop a good brand image in the minds.oftarget customers? What efforts

would you make to defend and to increase the market share of your brand?

(1 x 15 = 15 marks)

(1 x 24 = 24 marks)

G 1093

(Pages: 2)

Re g. No

N arne

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

Write short notes on : 1. Individual.

2. Attitude.

3. Leadership.

4. Adoption of innovation.

5. Store ambience.

6. Consumer decision-making.

7. Promotional strategy.

8. Social class.

9. Family life cycle.

10. Post purchase behaviour.

(6 x 2 = 12 marks)

Section B

Answer all questions. Each question carries 10 marks.

11. Explain the following decision-making models.

(a) RRB. (c) EPS.

(b)

LPS.

Or

12. Bring out the marketing application ofFLC analysis.

13. Explain the consumer behavioural application of social classification.

I I. Elaborate the dynamics of opinion leadership process.

1 :"). Enumerate the impact of environment on consumer behaviour.

Or

I (i. Discuss the cultural and religious issues in marketing in India.

(3 x 10 = 30 marks)

Section C (Compulsory)

17. Buying process begins when a person begins to feel that a certain need or desire has arisen. The need may be activated by internal or external factors. The intensity of the want will indicate the speed with which a person will move to fulfill the want. The buyer will postpone the less important motives. Questions:

(a) Examine the task of marketing management in offering appropriate clues to promote the sale of the product.

(b) State how manufacturers should operate with their own retail outlets.

(18 marks)

MOC 229

(Pages: 2)

Re g. No ...............

Name.. .......................................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2009

Third Semester Faculty of Management Sciences

For Branch I-Elective IV For Branch III-Elective I

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR (Elective)

Time : Three Hours

2004 Admission onwards: 60 Marks

2003 Admission: 75 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions.

Write short notes on :

1. Consumer Decision making model.

2. Post purchase analysis

. 3. Altitude Change.

- - - ¬

4. Social classification.

5. Opinion Leaders.

6. Store Layouts Vs Consumer influences.

7. Market segments.

8. Dogmatism.

9. Associating the product with Special group.

10. Cultural and Religions issues in marketing.

(6 x 2% = 15 marks)

(6 x 3 = 18 marks)

Section B

Answer any three questions.

11. Why do people buy? Explain Maslow's theory of Hicrarchy of Needs.

Or

12. What is consumer Behaviour? Explain the essentials of Consumer Behaviour.

13. Elaborate in detail the concept of Consumer satisfaction and its significance.

Or

14. What are the factors affecting the Behavioural Environment of Consumers.

15. (a) Define the following :¬

(i) Special Product for Groups.

(ii) Dynamics of Opinion.

(b) Explain the Various stages in adoptation process.

Or

16. Take any two products of your choice and identify the various perspectives involved i.n Consumer Behaviours (ie.,) decision making, experimental and behavioural influence.

(3 x 10 = 30 marks) (3 x 11 = 33 marks)

17. (a)

Section C (Compulsory)

You are appointed as a Market Research Executive in Royal Jewellers, Mumbai. It is a fast growing Company poised for expansion of its branches in various cities of the Maharashtra. The Company is interested in studying Consumer behaviour. You are required to brief the managing Director about the purchasing behaviour of Maharashtrians with regard to Gold jewellery.

Prepare a note on your plan for the study of consumer behaviour highlighting various aspects of consumer behaviour in respect of Gold Jewellery.

(b) Define "Adoption and Diffusion of Innovation".

(1 x 15 = 15 marks) (1 x 24 = 24 marks)

GI076

(Pages 2)

Reg. No ....

Name.........................................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ime : Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer anyone from each question. Each question carries 12 marks.

1. (a) What are the advantages of DBMS over File Management System?

(b) Explain the role of a Database Administrator (DBA).

Or

(c) Define Database, DBMS, DBA.

(d) Define Entity, Relationship with two examples.

2. (a) With example explain a one-to-many relationship.

(b) With example ex-plan. primarj' key med f Greisn key.

Or

'"

(c) What is normalization? Explain 3NF with example.

(d) What is SQL ? Explain with example the use of COUNT 0, SUM 0, A VERAGEO functions in

SQL.

3 (a) When will you use DISTINCT clause in an SQL ? Explain with example. Explain any two

DDL statements.

(b) What is distributed database?

Or

(c) Explain any four DML statements.

(d) How will you explain a transaction?

4 (a) Explain Data warehouse.

(b) What is a multi-media database?

Or

(c) How database can be used as decision support tool?

(d) What is Geographic Database?

5. Consider a situation described below:

(a) An university has many departments.

(b) Each department has multiple instructors; one among them is the head of the department

(c) An instructor belongs to only one department.

(d) Each department offers multiple courses, each course of which is taught by a singh

instructor.

(e) A student may enrol for many courses offered by different department.

(i) Identity the entitles in the case.

(ii) Identify the relationship among the entitles.

(lii) Draw the E-R diagram.

(iv) Write the DDL statements to create the tables.

(5 x 12 = 60 marks)

GIOS1

(Pages 2)

Reg. No.. .....

Name... ................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

DERIVATIVES AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Define the term Risk and Return.

2. Explain the term Depository Participant.

3. What do you mean by interest rate risk?

4. Define the term Forward Contracts.

5. Explain the term insider trading.

6. Define the term Defi1aterializ3"twn.

7. Difference between call option and put option.

8. Write short note on SWAPS.

9. Explain the criteria for Derivatives Trading.

10. Explain the term Total Risk.

11. Explain the term financial derivatives.

12. Distinguish between Systematic and Unsystematic Risk.

(6 x 2 = 12 marks)

Section B

Answer all questions. Each question carries 10 marks.

13. (a) Explain the quotations in foreign currency market.

Or

(b) Compare the spot and forward rate with the help of example.

14. (a) Explain the factors influencing forward rate.

Or

(b) Explain the concept of Money Market Hedging.

15. (a) Interest rate swap is intended to hedge against the interest rate fluctuations. Comment.

Or

(b) Distinguish between the futures and options.

(3 x 10 = 30 marks.

Section C

16. (a) Explain the overview of the Indian Capital Market. (

b) Write the assumptions of Black Scholes model.

(6 marks! (12 marks)

G 1071

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No ...........

Name .........

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions.

Write short notes on :

1. FDI.

2. International business.

3. Merger.

4. Joint Venture.

5. Exchange rate.

6. Tariff.

7. Licensing.

8. BIFR.

9. Social Environment.

10. Capital markets.

(6 x 2 = 12 marks)

Section B Answer all questions.

11. (a) Discuss the various types of international business.

Or

(b) Discuss the international labour market challenge for a global business executive.

12. (a) Explain the impact of WTO on two developing countries.

Or

(b) Discuss the primary role and responsibility of the ILO.

13. (a) Explain foreign exchange mechanism. Construct a model of an open economy where money.

flow from abroad matters.

Or

(b) Describe the emerging economic growth and environment.

(3 x 10 = 30 marks)

Section C

Compulsory question.

14. Critically Analyse the foreign MNC's working in India. Are they a boon or bane?

(1 x 18 = 18 marks)

G 1090

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No ........

Name ..............

Third Semester

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

INSURANCE SERVICES

Time: Three Hours

Section A

Answer any six questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Marine Insurance.

2. Insurable Interest.

3. Cost of Insurance.

4. Basis of Recovery.

5. Direct Loss.

6. Liability Damages.

7. Loss of Health.

8. Pension Scheme.

9. Channels of Distribution.

10. Insurance agents.

Section B

Answer all the three questions. Each question carries 10 marks.

11. (a) Explain the provisions of Marine Insurance policies.

Or

(b) Explain the various types of Risks.

12. (a) Discuss the classifications of Insurance.

Or

Maximum: 60 Marks

(6 x 2 = 12 marks)

(b) What is General Insurance? Give the brief provisions of it.

13. (a) Discuss the liability of insurers on a life insurance policy in case of suicide of the assured.

Or

(b) What is Life Insurance Marketing Mix ?

(3 x 10 = 30 marks)

Section C

14. Outline the recent development in the insurance sector in India. The role of IRDA in it.

(18 marks)

G 1103

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No.................................

Name .........................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

INTERNET MARKETING AND E-COMMERCE

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. What is a VRL ? Explain with example.

2. What is Social Commerce?

3. Explain the methods of on line marketing

. 4. What do you mean by the term" Applet" ?

What is its use in Internet?

5. What is firewall?

6. Explain the Rendering process in Animation.

7. Explain Software agents and its functions.

8. List the major limitations of E-commerce ?

9. Define Intranet and Extranet.

10. What is a web server?

(6 x 2 = 12 marks)

Section B

Answer all the questions. Each question carries 10 marks.

11. Discuss the economic and social aspects ofE-business.

Or

What are the organization requirements for E-commerce ? Explain with examples.

12. Explain different types of marketing strategies employed in internet. State its merits and demerits.

Or

What are the measures to be taken for developing a good E-commerce site?

13. Explain the importance of Cyber law. Discuss Cyber laws in Indian Scenario.

Or

Explain the communication technologies behind an E-commerce application.

(3 x 10 = 30 marks)

Section C I

14. Discuss the following aspects of an E-commerce site developed for marketing multimedia

products :¬

(a) General features of the site.

(b) Server requirements and server Security.

(c) Required Software tools for the site development.

(18 marks)

r G 1100

Reg. No.. .................

Name .........

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

MANAGEMENT TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer all the five questions. Each question carries 12 marks.

1. (a) Explain in detail how to design a training programme for an organisation.

Or

(b) Define the term training and development and distinguish between training development

and education.

2. (a) What are the qualities of a trainner ? Explain the role of trainner in training programe.

Or

(b) If you are a training Manager, how will you design a training programme for shop floor

supervisors?

3. (a) What are the challenges in training and state different stages in training and development.

Or

(b) State and discuss the various on-the-job and off-the-job training methods.

4. (a) "Training is the function of every line executive". Discuss the principles of training.

Or

(b) Critically examine the current system of training and development practiced by Indian industries and what are your suggestions?

5. (a) "Give a man a FISH, and you have given him meal. Teach man to FISH, and you have given him a livelihood". Describe the above statement with its applicability to training and development.

Or

(b) What is transactional analysis? How does it help in improving the interpersonal behaviour?

(5 x 12 = 60 marks

Reg. No .............................

Name .

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

MANAGING INTERPERSONAL AND GROUP PROCESSES

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks.

Answer all questions.

Each question carries 12 marks.

1. (a) How does selectivity affect perception? Give an example of how selectivity can create perceptional distortion.

Or

(b) What can organizations do to reduce employee stress?

2. (a) What are some of the major purposes and methods of downward communication?

Or

(b) "Explain various types of Interpersonal communication

. 3. (a) Explain the process of team building.

Or

(b) What are some of the major sources of interpersonal conflict? Which do you think is most

relevant in today's organizations?

4. (a) Explain various classifications of power.

Or

(b) Define authority and explain different types of authority.

5. (a) Define organizational behaviour. Explain the role of organizational behaviour in organizational effectiveness.

Or

(b) How will you create a performance enhancing organizational climate.

(5 x 12 = 60 marks)

GlO88

Re g. No ........

Name ..............

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

MANAGING INTERPERSONAL AND GROUP PROCESSES

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer all questions.

Each question carries 12 marks.

1. (a) How does selectivity affect perception? Give an example of how selectivity can create perceptional distortion.

Or

(b) What can organizations do to reduce employee stress?

2. (a) What are some of the major purposes and methods of downward communication?

Or

(b) 'Explain various types of Interpersonal communication.

3. (a) Explain the process of team building.

Or

(b) What are some of the major sources of interpersonal conflict? Which do you think is most relevant in today's organizations?

4. (a) Explain various classifications of power.

Or

(b) Define authority and explain different types of authority.

5. (a) Define organizational behaviour. Explain the role of organizational behaviour in organizational effectiveness.

Or

(b) How will you create a performance enhancing organizational climate.

(5 x 12 = 60 marks)

IIMOC 234

(Pages: 3)

Reg. No.....................................

Name ......................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2009

Third Semester Faculty of Management Sciences

Branches II and III

MANAGING INTERPERSONAL AND GROUP PROCESSES (Elective)

Time : Three Hours

{

2004 admissions onwards: 60 Marks

Maxunum: 2003 admissions : 75 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions.

Define I Write short notes on :

1. Perception.

2. Interpersonal styles.

3. Group Formation.

4. Team Development.

5. Collaboration.

6. Organisation Communication.

7. Authority.

8. Organisational Effectiveness.

9. Group Process.

10. Behavioural Learning.

(6 x 2Y2 = 15 marks)

(6 x 3 = 18 marks)

Section B

I

f 11. Define the term Learning? What is its impact on an employee behaviour ?

Or

12. Name four different schedules of reinforcement. Describe how each may be used in Organisation.

13. What is stress? What are its effects? List of stress Coping strategies.

Or

14. What are your most common stress symptoms? How do these symptoms affect your performance, interpersonal relations and happiness?

15. (i) What are the different types of group?

(ii) What purposes do groups serve?

(iii) Explain why people join groups.

Or

16. What does organisational effectiveness mean? Discuss fully and explain how you would assess the organisational effectiveness of Indian Government Organisations.

(3 x 10= 30 marks) (3 x 11 = 33 marks)

Section C

17. Case study: GroupBehaviour.

Modern Textile Ltd is one of the leading textile mills in South, having a work force of more than 1500 employees, engaged in the manufacture of Cotton yarn of different counts. The Company has well established distribution network in different parts of the country. It had modernised most of its plant to improve productivity and, maintain quality.

To maintain good human relationship in the plant and organisation as a whole, it extended all possible facilities to the employees; compared to other mills, the employees of Modern were placed in reasonably high wage brackets.

The Company has a General Manager, followed by a line Executive in-Charge of different functional areas. The industrial Relations Department was headed by Industrial Relations Manager with supporting staff. The Company earned profit every year and distributed reasonable bonus to the employees. The employees were represented by six trade unions.

A, B, C, D, E and F (Unions are alphabetically presented based on membership)-out of which the top three unions were recognised by the Management for the purpose of negotiations. All the unions maintained good relations with the management individually and collectively. When a particular year when the bonus issue was placed before the management it has series of discussions with all the recognised unions and finally announced the bonus, which was inturn agreed by all recognised unions. The very next day, the management prepared the representation while the unions A and C signed the same, the leader Union B issued a strike notice to the management asking for higher bonus. The management tried its level best to avoid an unpleasant situation, but in vain. As a result, one morning, members of union B went on strike.

They were joined by members of Union D. During the strike, the management could probe the reasoa jOr the deviant behaviour of union B leader, it was reported that leader of Union A, soon after the first meeting had stated in the presence of a group of workers. ''because of me the management has agreed to declare this much amount of bonus to the employees. Some representative unions, particularly Union B, had miserably failed in its talks with the management for want of initiative and involvement". The observation some how reached the leader of Union B on the very day it was made, as a result of which he felt insulted. Soon after identifying this, as the reason for B's strike call the management in the presence of the Industrial Relations Manager brought about a compromise between the Union leaders A and B. Immediately after this meeting, the strikers (members of Union B and D) had resumed work and the settlement was signed for the same amount of bonus, as was originally agreed upon.

(a) Was the leader of Union A justified in making remarks that caused offence to the

leader of Union B ?

(b) Could the strike have been avoided had A not made his remarks before a group of

workers?

(c) If you were Manager, what should your long term strategy be for ensuring against the

recurrence of inter-union differences on issues affecting the welfare of workers?

(1 x 15 = 15 marks)

(1 x 24 = 24 marks)

G 1080

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No.................................

Name .....

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

MARKETING RESEARCH

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks.

Section A Answer any six questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

Write short notes on the following:

1. Issues in managing MIS efficiently.

2. Demand forecasting.

3. Marketing promotional programme.

4. Advertising research.

5. Testing of advertisement effectiveness.

6. Opinion survey.

7. Research problem.

8. Planning marketing researches.

9. Stages of marketing.

10. Cost considerations in research.

(6 x 2 = 12 marks)

Section B Answer all questions. Each question carries 10 marks.

11. Explain the importance, role and applications of marketing research. Bring out the challenges

in managing MIS efficiently.

Or

Discuss the role and importance of MIS in marketing management. State the advantages of marketing information system.

12. Describe the various stages in developing MIS. Explain the uses of Computer network.

Or

Elaborate the application of research process in marketing activities. State the role of information in decision-making.

13. Enumerate the role of information technology in marketing research. Explain the stages in designing motivational research.

Or

Explain the process of testing advertisement effectiveness. How do you design a research

process?

(3 x 10 = 30 marks)

Section C (Compulsory)

14. Marketing research has become a vital weapon in the Armory of modern marketer. It is an ¬activity the results of which are useful in enhancing the ability of the marketer to make marketing decisions in the ever changing world. He has to gather information and process them for taking a decision of any marketing aspect. It has embraced with itself consumer research.

Questions:

1.

Examine the scope of marketing research.

2.Predict the future of marketing research in India.

(18 marks)

MOC 231

(Pages: 3)

Re g. No .............

Name ,............

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2009

Third Semester Management Sciences

For branch I-Elective VI !For Branch III-Elective-III

MARKETING RESEARCH

Time : Three Hours

2004 admissions onwards: 60 Marks

maxnnum: 2003 admissions : 75 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions.

Explain in brief.

1. Omnibus Panel.

2. Structured Research.

3. Stratified Sample.

4. Tools of Bivariate Analysis.

5. Hypothesis.

6. Bayesian tree.

7. Regression Analysis.

8. Advertising Research.

9. Demand forecasting-Qualitative Methods.

10. Likert Scale.

(6 x 2Y2 = 15 marks)

(6 x 3 = 18 marks)

Section B

11. (a) Define Marketing Research and its scope. Explain the factors which limit the acceptance of

marketing research.

(b) Giving examples, explain the various questionnaire types of which emerge in Survey research.

(c) What are the major 'scales'-used in marketing research? How do you measure any attitude in marketing research? Give two examples.

Or

(a) Discuss some of the major uses of marketing research in the context of Globalization of lndia

(b) Write short notes on :

(i) -ANOV A.

(ii) -Consumer Orientation to MR.

(iii) -Coding of Data.

-¬

~-- ¬

- .¬

12. (a) Filled Questionnaire is a huge body of raw data. What steI!s does a research take for processing

and analysing such raw data.

(b) Explain the steps involved in doing a research for a new product development and how would

you assess the market potential. ¬

Or

(a) Write short notes on :

- Field investigation.

- Motivational Research.

- Use of computer Networks in MR.

(b) Outline a report format to present the findings of a market research project clearly indicating the various steps involved in report writing process.

13. (a) What are the different types of research design? Give an example of each research design

(b) What is DSS ? How it is useful in MR ? Explain with suitable examples.

Or

(a) Assume that you are the Head of Marketing Research Department. Explain the issues and

challenges you will face in maintaining your MIS efficiently.

(b) Write short notes on:

- Product Innovation.

- Copy testing.

- Corporate Research.

(3 x 10 = 30 mar~. (3 x 11 = 33 mar~

Section C (Compulsory)

14. 'Strides' is a leading Shoe store in South Mumbai. The products are highly priced and in addition

to the up market clientele, they have a hug customer base of middle income group who are attrached

to the products because of their Superior quality and durability. The products range from office going and party wear to casual footware for both men and women. The store also has an entire, section for kids. Excellent service and quality products has made 'strides' one of the most reputed. Shoe store in the locality. The management of the store has been planning to venture into allied business of a 'Shoe Laundry' but is doubtful about its success in the market where the concept is relatively new. Repairing of shoes are basically done at the local corner cobbler and in such a situation. 'Show Laundry' will be a concept that would have to be explained to the people. The service would include professional cleaning, washing, airing and repairing of shoes.

The management wants to hire an outside agency to find the feasibility of such a venture. They would also like to find the profile of the consumers who will try out such service.

You are the director of the market research firm that has been selected to undertake the study. (a) Prepare a detailed report on the research methodology that you would adopt.

(b) Suggest a scheme of test marketing for this new service.

(c)

Which secondary data will be helpful in this research? From where it will be obtained. (15 marks) (24 marks)

G 1096

Re g. No.............................................

Name ............................................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

ORGANISATION CHANGE AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer all questions. Each question carries 12 marks.

Detail the process of effective implementation of change in an organisation.

Or

(b) Discuss the roles in organisational change. Explain the management of resistance to change.

2. (a) Explain the characteristics of organisational diagnosis.

1. (a)

Or

(b) Enumerate the salient features of diagnostic methodology. Explain anyone quantitative diagnostic methods.

3. (a) Bring out the need for intervention in Organisational change.

Or

(b) Explain in detail any two intervention strategies of organisational change.

4. (a) Describe any two models of organisational change with examples.

Or

(b) Elucidate the contributions of change and challenge to OD in an NGO.

5. Discuss the following case (Compulsory) :

Changes in the environment are so universal these days that those organisations which can adopt to changed only can service. Forces of change exist both within and outside the

. organisation. Internal forces for change arise because of the need for modification in the strategy and structure of the organisation. An organisation has to maintain stability while managing change. External forces such as technological, political, socio-cultural changes may also create the need for change.

Questions' :

(i). As a HR manager what initiatives would you take to see that change is smooth in

the organization?

(ii). Why is change resisted in organisations ? Analyse.

(5 x 12 = 60 marks

G 1099

Re g. No ,

Name ....

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING IT STRATEGIES

time : Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Mark:

Section A

Answer any six questions.

Each question carries 2 marks.

1. What is information processing?

2. What are the characteristics of a DSS ?

3. Explain the data transformation process.

4. Define BPR.

5. What is Gap analysis?

6. Define E-Commerce.

7. What is knowledge management.

8. Define data mining.

(6 x 2 = 12 mark

Section B

Answer all questions.

Each question carries 10 marks.

9. (a) Describe the IT planning frameworks.

Or

(b) What are the different IT implementation issues in an organization.

10. (a) What is the role of network in an organization's IS.

Or

(b) Describe the impact of IT on organizations.

11. (a) Describe the Porter's five forces analysis framework.

Or

(b) What are geographical information systems and what are their uses?

(3 x 10 = 30 mar:

Section C (Compulsory)

12. (a) Describe the future of information systems. What are the emerging technologies? (9 mark

(b) What are the different IT outsourcing strategies? (9 mark

G 1091

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No.........................

Name .....

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

SECURITY ANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 M

Section A Answer any five questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

Write short notes on :

1. OTCEI.

2. New issue market. ,

3. Financial Instrument.

¬4. Call option. ,

5. Yield curve.

6. Barbel strategies.

7. Systematic risk.

8. Secondary Market. .

(5 x 3 = 15 marks

Section B Answer all the five questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

9.

(a) Differentiate between New Issue Market and Stock Market.

Or

10.

(b) What are the different methods of floatation of issues in Primary Market?

11(a) Define and explain 'Default risk'.

Or

(b) No investment is 'risk free' - Discuss and bring out the meaning and types

instrument- risk.

(a) What are the basic principles that should be applied to portfolio decisions?

Or

(b) State the meaning, procedure and limitations of fundamental analysis. v

Turn

(a) 'Stock options are for investors'. Comment.

Or

13.

(b) What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Markowtiz approach? .

(a) Explain Random Walk Hypothesis. Does this theory suggest that security price level

are random? Explain.

Or

(b) "The process used to manage a security portfolio is conceptually the same as tha

used in any managerial decisions." Discuss. "

(5 x 5 = 25 marks

Section C (Compulsory)

14. Using CAPM, find the required return for each of the following securities in. the light of the

data given:

Security Risk-free Market Beta

rate return

A 5% 8% 1.30

B 8% 13% 0.90

C 9% 12% - 0.20

D 10% 15% 1.00

E 6% 10% 0.60

G 1098

Reg. No.................................

Name. ...........

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

rime: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

Answer any six questions.

Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Define the characteristics of a system.

2. What is an Open System?

3. Distinguish between Brain storming and Delphi methods.

4. What is a Structure chart?

5. What is Structured Analysis?

6. Describe the concept and procedure used in constructing DFDs.

7. What is called Feasibility Analysis?

8. What do you mean by Cost-Benefit analysis?

9. Define Input and Output design.

10. Distinguish between Schema and Subschema.

(6 x 2 = 12 marks)

11.

Section B

Answer all the three questions.

Each question carries 10 marks.

(a) Illustrate the hierarchy making up a database.

Or

12.

(b) Review the primary activities of a maintenance procedure.

(a) List and describe the factors that affect the quality of a system.

Or

(b) What levels of quality assurance must a system meet? Explain.

(a) There are two ways of debugging program software: bottom-up and top-down. How do they differ?

13.

Or

(b) What is a syntax error? How does it differ from a logic error? Give an example.

(3 x 10 = 30 marks)

Section C (Compulsory)

14. What makes up a system performance definition? Select a situation with which you are familiar and explain the steps to prepare the definition.

(18 marks)

G 1073

(Pages 2)

Reg. No ............

Name ...................................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2009

Third Semester

TAX MANAGEMENT

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

1. (a) Define the following: ¬

(i) Person.

(ii) Assessee.

(iii) Capital Asset.

(iv) Aggregation of Income.

Or

(b) Explain the provision relating to Fringe Benefit Tax. II. (a) Define the term 'profit in lieu of salary'.

Or

(b) How to determine the Annual Value under House Property?

III. (a) GEA India Ltd manufacturers of equipments for power projects furnish the following information as on 31st March 2008 :

W.D.V of Plant and Machinery as on 01.04.2007 Rs. 10 Crores

Additions made to Plant and Machinery during 2007-08 Rs. 2 Crores

(Out of this assets put to use for more than 180 days is Rs. 1.50 Crores) Compute the depreciation admissible for the A.Y 2008-2009.

Or

(b) Discuss the tax treatment of surplus arising out of deep discount bonds:

- On sale of such bonds.

- On realization of such bonds on maturity.

IV. (a) Explain the tax repercussion of the following points arising out of Income Tax-Assessment: 'X' transferred agricultural lands permanently to 'Y' with a condition that 25% of the income ,from the land should be handed over to him. 'Y' earned an income of Rs. 40,000 from the transferred property.

Or

(b) Explain the deduction for interest on loan taken for higher education under Section 80E.

V. (a) Explain the tax rebate in case of Securities Transaction Tax under Section 88E.

Or

(b) How to calculate the Net Wealth under section 2(m) of the Wealth Tax Act ?

(5 x 12 = 60 marks)

MOC 228

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No ....................

Name .

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2009

Third Semester

Faculty of Management Sciences

TAX MANAGEMENT (Elective III) (Common for Branches I and II)

Time : Three Hours

2004 Admission onwards: 60 marks

2003 Admission: 75 marks

Section A

Answer any six questions.

Write short notes on :¬

1. Total Income Tax.

2. EOUs.

3. Salary.

4. Set off and carry forward.

5. Stock in trade.

6. Cost of improvement.

7. Long term capital asset.

8. Accounting year.

9. Capital gains.

10. Business as per Income Tax

(6 x 212 = 15 marks)

(6 x 3 = 18 marks)

Section B

11. (a) Define the term "Assessees" and state in this connections the different class of assessees under

Income Tax Act 1961.

Or

(b) Briefly discuss the provision relating to determination of residential status of from and AOP.

. .:~

12. (a) How is income from self occupied property or property meant for owner occupation but remaining

wholly or partially unoccupied Computed? Discuss.

Or

(b) Discuss the provision of Income Tax Act 1961 regarding.

- Conversion of Capital Assets to stock-in-trade.

- Computation of capital gains in case of depreciable assets.

13. (a) Discuss with reasons the admissibility or otherwise of the following expenditure by an assessee

under the provision of Income Tax Act 1961.

(i) A sum of Rs. 1,30,000 was provided towards sales Tax liability in the accounts for the Year

ending 31.03.2007.

(ii) Stock-in-trade was loss in fire amounting to Rs. 10,000 and was debited to Profit and Loss

Alc.

Or

(b) What are the Income Chargeable under the head "Income from other sources".

(3 x 10 = 30 marks) (3 x 11 = 33 marks)

Section C

14. (a) Explain the tax implications of conversion of self occupied property into joint family property

and subsequent partition.

(b) Briefly explain the provisions for entitlement of deductions of donations.

(c) The following particulars are furnished by Mr. Sunil for the year ending 31-03-2007.

Net salary received after deduction ofthe ... 80,000

Tax deducted from Salary ... 4,000

Ex-gratia received ... 16,000

HRA (Exempt Rs. 5,600) ... 8,400

Project Allowance ... 6,800

An ears in salary (for 2004-05) ... 8,000

Professional tax paid by Employee ... 400

Interest on Government Security (Wet) ... 18,000

Tax deducted @source for above ... 2,000.

Winning from Lottery ... 12,000

PF contribution ... ' 70,000

Interest from PPF ... 2,100

Paid to GICfor Medicallnsurance ... 12,000

Compute the total income for the A.Y. 2007-2008.

(1 x 15 = 15 marks) (1 x 24 = 24 marks)

MBA 2nd Sem Question Paper

2010-10-22T03:59:00.000-07:00

F 8203

(Pages: 2)

Reg. N o. .........................

Name ,... ...,.. ......

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBE~ 2010

Second Semester

MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

(2008 admission onwards)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Mark$

Answer all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

1. (a) Explain the different types of models used in Operation Research.

Or

(b) Solve the following LPP :

Maximize Z = l20x1 ... lOOx2

subject to constraints

l0XI + 5x2 <<- 8Q

6XI + 6x2 <<_ 66

4XI + 8x2 >>_24

Xl >_0 X2 >_O.

2. (a) Describe briefly the various, methods used in Transportation problem.

O/"

(b) Five men are available to do five different jobs. From Past records the time, (in hours) that

each man takes to do each job is known and given in the following table :¬

Jobs

                      I        II       III      IV      V

               A     2      9        2          7       1

             B      6     8       7           6        1

Men     C      4      6        5          3       1

             D      4      2         7          3       1

            E         5    3         9          5         1

Find the assignment of men to jobs that will minimize the total time taken.

3. (a) Distinguish between CPM and PERT.

Or

(b) A small Project is composed of 7 activities whose time estimates are given below:

Activities                 1-2    1-3    1-4   2-5    3-5   4-6    5-6

Optimistic time:         1       2        1       1       2        1     1

Pessimistic time:        1      4         3      2       5        5      6

Most likely time:      6       5         7        8      14       8      15

Draw the network diagrams and find the critical path.

4. (a) Explain maximum - minimum and minimum - maximum principle used in Game theory.

Qr

(b) Solve the following game

                        Player B

                          1 7   2

Player A            6 2, 7

                       5 1    6

5. (a) Explain with illustration, how Monte Carlo methods are useful in operation research.

Or

(b) In a car manufacturing plant, a loading crane takes exactly 10 minutes to load a car into a wagon and again ,come back to the position to load another car. If the arrival of cars is a Poisson stream at. an average of one every 20 minutes. Calculate the average wainting time of a car in a stationery state.

(5 x 12= 60 marks)

F 8195

(Pages: 3).

Reg. No.....................................

Name.. ........

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

OPERATIONS RESEARCH

(Prior to 2008 admissions)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Part A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

Explain:

1. Operations Research.

2. Unbounded solutions.

3. Saddle point. 4. Critical path.

5. Goal Programming.

(5 x 3 = 15 marks)

Part B

Answer all questions.

Each question carries 5 marks.

6. (a) Describe the significance of OR in modern business decision-making.

Or

(b) Use graphical method to solve the LPP

Minimize Z = 3x1 + 2x2

subject to 5x + X2 &gt>_10

Xl + X2>_6

Xl + 4x2 >_12

Xl' X2 >;_O.

7. (a) Explain in brief the north west corner role with suitable example.

Or'

(b) Obtain the initial basic feasible solution for the following :¬

Origin        D1             D2                Dg       Supply

O1              2                7                 4              5
O2               3                3                 1              8
O3               5                4                 7              7

O4               1                6                  2            14

Demand        7               9               18           34

8. (a) Distinguish between PERT and CPM.

Or

(b) Examine the various fools used in inventory management.

9. (a) State the characteristics of DPP.

Or

(b) Solve the following game and determine the value of the same :¬

                                      B

                        A       4       -4

.                               -4      -4

10. (a) Explain the basic elements of queuing models.

Or

(b) Solve the same whose pay-off matrix is given below:

       -2        0      0          5        3

        3       2         1         2        2

       -4      -3        0        -2       6

     +5      -3        -4         2        6

Part C

Compulsory Question.

11. Consider the following project :

Activity     Time estimates in weeks            Predecessor

                      to            tm          tp

A                    3            6            9                None

B                   2             5           8               None

  C                   2             4           6                  A

   D                  2             3          10                  B

   E                  1             3            11                  B

   F                   4            6              8                CD

G                   1             5            15                  E

Find the path and standard deviation. Also find the probability of completing the project by 18 weeks.

(20 marks)

F 8202

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No ."...............

Name .....

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

(2008 Admission onwards)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer all questions. Each question carries 10 marks.

I.

(a) What are the functions of Operations Management? Explain.

Or

(b) Briefly explain different long-term and short-term capacity planning strategies.

II.

(a) what is Cost of Quality? What are its elements?

Or

(b) Write notes on :

(i) Single sampling.

(ii) Double sampling.
(iii) Sequential sampling.

III.

(a) Differentiate between Product layout and Process layout with the help of sketches.

Or

(b) Discuss the significance of 'Industrial safety' as a managerial function.

IV.

(a) What are the functions of Inventory? How can they be classified?

Or

(b) What are the components of a Material Requirement Planning System? Discuss the

problems in implementing MRP systems.

v.

(a) Discuss any two methods to solve Aggregate Planning problems.

Or

(b) What are the types of maintenance? Explain them in detail.

(a) Narrate, how TQM principles are taken care off in ISO certification.

Or

(b) The demand for a particular item in a shop is 800 a year. The cost of placing an order for the item is Rs. 15. Inventory carrying charge is Re. 0.2 of unit cost. If unit cost is Rs. 20, calculate Economic ordering quantity, number of orders to be placed and the time between placing of orders.

(6 x 10 = 60 marks)

F 8194

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No...,.............................

Name ........

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

(Prior to 2008 Admissions)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Part A Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

1. What is meant by the "Profit Centre Concept" in Materials Management? 2. Write short notes on Evolution of Materials Management concept in India. 3. Briefly discuss "Engineering planning".

4. What do you mean by the term "Management of Technology"?

5. Discuss Break Even Analysis.

(5 x 3 = 15 marks)

Part B Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

6. Discuss various methods of Scheduling and Loading used in product layout.

Or

Explain various factors that are taken into account for selecting plant location in setting up a cement factory.

7. Differentiate between Corrective Maintenance and Preventive Maintenance.

Or

From the following data define maintenance policy which involves minimum cost:

Preventive maintenance cost/machine =Rs.85

Average cost of breakdown maintenance= Rs. 490

Number of machines= 80

Poisson distribution of factors is to be assumed with the following probabilities of failure:

Period of failure (Months) 1 2 3 4 5 6

Probability 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.25

8. Define Time study. Explain the procedure and method used.

Or

Define Method study. Explain the procedure and methods briefly.

9. Write short notes on Control Charts of Attributes.

Or

Discuss the importance and use of OC curve. Explain the terms "Producers risk and Consumers risk.

10. What do you mean by the term EOQ? Derive an expression for EOQ assuming uniform usage

rate, production rate and possibilities of shortages.

Or

Given the following data estimate EOQ :

Carrying cost = 12%.

Ordinary cost = Rs.8

Cost/unit. = Rs. 2.50.

Monthly consumption = 100 units

Shortage cost . = Rs. 15.

(5 x 5 = 25 marks)

Part C (Compulsory)

11. What is meant by Profit Centre Concept of Materials Management? Explain.

12. What do you mean by Integrated Materials Management? Develop a suitable organisation

structure for the same.

13. Discuss the Evolution of Materials Management Concept in India.

(7 + 6 + 7 = 20 marks

F 8204

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No ..............

Name ................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

(2008 admission onwards)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

1. (a) what do you mean by the term "research process" ? Explain the various steps of research

process.

Or

(b) Explain problem formulation and statement of research problem.

2. (a) What is random sampling? What are the types of random sampling? Explain them with

Example

(b) Explain convenience sampling.

Or

(c) Explain Research Design in detail.

3. (a) What are the data presentation tools? Explain them in brief.

Or

(b) Highlight different approaches used to measure consumer attitudes. Describe different versions

of rating scales with suitable examples.

4. (a) Highlight the purpose of using various statistical tools for data analysis.

(b) What is chi-square test? Under what conditions can it be used?

Or

(c) Give a classification of Non-parametric tests. (d) Explain the use of statistical software packages.

5. (a) A company marketing tea claims that 70 % of population in a metro drink a particular brand of tea. A competing brand challenged this claim. They took a random sample of 200 families to gather data. During the study period, it was found that 130 families were using this brand of tea. Will it be correct on the part of competitor to conclude that the claim made by the company does not holds good at 5 % level of significance?

Or

(b) From the data given below:

(i) Find the two regression equations.

(ii) Coefficient of correlation between marks in Economics and Statistics.

(iii) Most likely marks in Statistics when the marks in Economics is 30.

(5 x 10 = 50 marks)

Part B (Compulsory)

6. (a) What are the contents in a research report? Explain them in brief.

(b) What are the types of report ? Explain them in brief.

(2 x 5 = 10 marks)

F 8196

Reg. No ........

Name ..............

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

(Prior to 2008 admissions)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Part A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

Explain :

1. Scientific research.

2. Validity.

3. Sampling error.

4. Factor analysis. 5. Focus group.

(5 x 3 = 15 marks)

Part B

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

6. (a) Describe briefly the different steps involved in a research process.

Or

(b) Explain the different types of hypothesis.

7. (a) State the merits and demerits of descriptive research.

Or

(b) Distinguish between questionnaire and schedule.

8. (a) Describe the various types of non-probability sampling.

Or

(b) Describe the different methods of scale construction in the social research.

9. (a) Explain the characteristics of non-parametric tests.

Or

(b) Discuss the important multivariate techniques used in modern research.

10. (a) Narrate the merits and demerits of projective techniques.

Or

(b) "Report writing is more an art that hinges upon practice and experience"-Discuss.

(5 x 5 = 25 marks)

Part C

Compulsory question.

11. You have been requested by a leading manufacturer of computers and business machines to assess and measure office manager's attitude towards mechanisation and computerisation. How would you proceed with the assignment? Prepare an appropriate research design (20 marks)

F 8205

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No.. ...............................

Name ........

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

(2008 Admission onwards)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Part A Answer all questions. All questions carry equal marks.

1.

(a) What is meant by the term sustainable development? How can sustainable development

be achieved?

Or

(b) Examine the interlink ages between the economy and the environment in the light of the

first two laws of thermodynamics.

II.

(a) What are the important environmental issues facing India in the present century?

Or

(b) Briefly trace the contribution of the UN. towards a sustainable environment from the

Stockholm Conference to the present day.

III.

(a) India's new policy directions specify that development should be in conformity with the

environment. Briefly outline this policy.

Or

(b) Give a brief account of the role of NGOs in environment protection. Discuss with the help of

examples.

IV.

(a) What is Greenhouse effect? Discuss the salient features of the Kyoto Protocol.

Or

(b) Describe India's marine environment. What attempts have been made to conserve the

marine products of India?

v.

(a) What are the basic principles of ISO 140001?

Or

(b) Briefly discuss the background of the Basel Convention. What are the basic principles

developed at the Basel Convention?

(5 x 10 = 50 marks)

Part B (Compulsory)

Case Study

Given Asia's phenomenal growth, its energy and development agenda has become a

matter of global attention. The new energy era requires global action and co-operation to address growing concerns over energy security, climate change and access by the poor to modern energy services. To meet the continued rise in energy consumption in the region, Asia must invest more than $ 6 trillion in new energy infrastructure mostly in the power sector by 2030.

In the absence of new policies by Governments and International financial institutions, the world energy needs will be almost 60% higher in 2030 than they are now, and, with most of this supplied by fossil fuels CO2 emissions will also increase at about the same rate. Business, investors, architects and scientists alone cannot change the way we produce and use energy. These groups can anticipate change; they can facilitate it ; they will profit from it but they cannot drive it. Public policies that create markets, remove barriers, level the playing field, and establish clear objectives and targets for renewable energy and energy efficiency help shape the future. Comment.

(1 x 10 = 10 marks)

F 8197

(Pages: 2)

Re g . No ............

Name ..

M.B.A. DEGREE EX.AMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

(Prior to 2008 admissions)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Part A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

1. Define global warming.

2. What are non-conventional energy resources?

3. Explain the term green funding. 4. Define environment audit.

5. What is meant by incineration?

(5 x 3 = 15 marks)

Part B

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

6. (a) Why do the managers need to study environment management?

Or

(b) Explain the various issues affecting ecological equilibrium.

7. (a) Discuss the various issues in environment management for business.

Or

(b) Explain how the non-conventional energy resources are benefited to the society. 8. (a) State the. factors determini::1g the dIstribution environment of a product.

Or

(b) How the friendly business operation is to be ensured?

9. (a) How the recycling technology minimises the industrial pollution?

Or

(b) Describe the integrated system of solid waste management.

10. (a) List out the merits and demerits of environmental accounting.

Or

(b) Explain the procedure for conducting audit for EMS 14001.

(5 x 5 = 25 marks)

Part C (Compulsory Question)

11. (a) Explain the major environmental problems associated with food processing and sugar

industries.

(b) Write an essay on Global Environmental problems.

(10 marks) (10 marks) [20 marks]

F 8201

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No.................................

Name ........

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

MARKETING MANAGEMENT

(2008 Admission onwards)

Time: Three Hours

I. (A)

II. (A)

III. (A)

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer all questions. Each question carries 12 marks.

(i) Discuss the marketing concept and its evolution. (ii) Explain different growth strategies with examples.

(6 + 6 :: 12 marks)

Or

(B)

(i) Explain SWOT analysis.

(ii) What do you mean by marketing organization? Explain.

(6 + 6 :: 12 marks)

(i) Explain targeting and positioning with examples.

(6 marks)

(ii) Write notes on :

(a) Demand forecasting/

(b) Influence of technological factors in marketing.

(3 + 3 :: 6 marks)

(B)

Or

(i) What are the differences in consumer buying and organisational buying?

(ii) Describe Marketing Information System and its importance.

(6 + 6 :: 12 marks)

(i) Develop marketing strategies for a product in the mature stage of its life cycle. (ii) Compare and contrast marketing of goods and services.

(6 + 6 :: 12 marks)

(B)

Or

(i) Explain consumer adoption and diffusion process.

(ii) Explain psychological pricing and skimming pricing.

(6 + 6 :: 12 marks)

IV. (A) Discuss channel management decisions. How will you resolve channel conflicts?

Or

(B) Write notes on:

(i) Sales promotion and trade promotion.

(ii) Promotion mix.

(6 + 6 = 12 marks)

V. (A)

(i) Write a report on consumerism and legal aspects of marketing in India. (ii) Explain Green marketing.

(8 + 4 = 12 marks)

(B)

Or

(i) Explain the importance of Customer Relationship Management (CRM).

(ii) What are the measures used for marketing control?

(4 + 8 = 12 marks) [5 x 12 = 60 marks]

G 8084

Reg. No.................................

Name ........

MBA DEGREE EXAMINATION, AUGUST 2010

Fourth Semester

PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

(New Scheme - 2008 Admissions)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

All questions carries 10 marks each.

(a) Discuss the impacts of performance management.

1.

Or

(b) Write short notes on:

(i) Definition of performance management.

(ii) Key performance indicators. (iii) Measurement of contribution.

2.

(a) Explain the process of performance appraisal.

Or

(b) "Performance appraisal is not merely for appraisal but is far accomplishment and

improvement of performance". Discuss.

(a) What are various criteria for performance measures? Explain.

3.

Or

(b) Discuss different types of performance standards.

4.

(a) Describe the procedure for implementing performance management system.

Or

5.

(b) Discuss various types of performance management systems followed by public organisations. (a) Discuss different types of core competencies.

Or

(b) Explain people competency maturity model and its benefits.

Section B (Compulsory Case Study)

"

\,

6.

Develop a performance management system for sales representatives of a particular consumer durable of your choice. Discuss the methods used by you.

(6 x 10 :; 60 marks)

G 8131

Reg. No :.................

Name ....

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, AUGUST 2010

Fourth Semester

COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT

(Old Scheme-Prior to 2008 admissions)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Answer all questions.

1. (a)' What do you understand by the term compensation? Explain the variables that make up

compenson.

Or

(b) Critically examine the compensation policy of employees in the ITES industry.

2. (a) What are the requisites of sound wage policy?

Or

(b) Explain the labour market characteristics and pay relations. 3. (a) Explain the mechanism in wage determination.

Or

(b) Why is social security important in determining compensation plans '?

4. (a) What are incentives? Explain the various incentives that are useful in motivating employees.

Or

(b) "A performance linked rewards system maximizes employee satisfaction"-Discuss.

5, (a) Explain the components of the compensation package that are beneficial to the company in

relation to taxation.

Or

(b) What are the different kinds of pay structure that are found in public sector.

(5 x 12 = 60 marks)

iT 8200

(Pages: 2}

Reg. No.................................

Name ...........................

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

(2008 Admission onwards)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Part A Answer all questions. All questions carry equal marks.

1.

(a) What is an information system? Distinguish between a computer, a computer program and

an information system. What is the difference between data and information '?

Or

(b) Explain the role of information systems in supporting various levels of business strategy.

2.

(a) Define DBMS. What is the difference between a logical and a physical view of data?

Explain.

Or

(b) What is a data warehouse? How can it benefit organizations'? Explain.

3.

(a) What do you mean by proto typing model of system development? Explain with an example.

Or

(b) What is the use of ER diagram? Explain with a suitable example.

4.

(a) Explain how the information systems are supports the Human Resource Management.

Give a comparative study with the manually managed HRIS.

Or

(b) Banking is the one of major areas that uses the potential of Information systems. Explain

with an example.

5.

(a) Distinguish and explain the Decision Support Systems and Expert Systems. Provide sufficient

examples in your description.

Or

(b) Explain the influence of computer networks in the growth and development of information

systems.

(5 x 10 = 50 marks)

Part B (Compulsory) Case Study

6. Read the following case study carefully and answer the question:

Consider a bicycle shop. The shop deals with different types of bicycles: race bikes, city bikes, and mountain bikes. A customer enters the shop either to buy a bicycle or to rent a bicycle or to have a bicycle serviced. For buying a bicycle, the customer reads a catalogue, chooses the bicycle by filling in an order form, then give to the dealer. The dealer checks the client's details (including herlhis credit card number) and the product details and decides whether to execute the required transaction. Bicycles can be rented at different rates (Rs. 10 per hour for a racer, Rs. 5 per hour for a mountain bike and

Re. 1 per hour for a city bike). The process of renting a bike is similar to the process of buying one, except that the customer must insert herlhis credit card into a device that will perform the required checks, authorise the deliver of the rented bike and then keep the card locked until the bike is returned. Bicycles are serviced by a set of workers that perform the various tasks using a set of tools (including spanners, screwdrivers, chain extractors, etc.).

Draw the dataflow diagram for the activities mentioned above.

(1 x 10 = 10 marks)

F 8199

(Pages: 2)

Reg . No.................................

Name .............

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

(2008 Admission onwards)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Part A Answer all questions. All questions carry equal marks.

1.

(a) Explain the significance of Human Resource Management in the multinational organisation.

Or

(b) "Selection is virtually a kind of elimination process" - Comment.

2.

(a) Briefly discuss the steps involved in conducting a training programme in a systematic way.

Or

(b) Discuss the various methods available for appraising the performance of employees.

3.

(a) Bring out the components of employee remuneration.

Or

(b) Explain the various determinants of job satisfaction.

4.

(a) Discuss the causes of Industrial unrest in India.

Or

(b) Describe the machinery for settlement of industrial disputes under the Industrial

Disputes Act.

5.

(a) Delineate the procedure involved in a disciplinary action.

Or

(b) As a human resource manager, how you will control the human resource costs in your

organisation.

(5 x 10 = 50 marks)

Part B (Compulsory) Case Study Both cases are compulsory.

6.

(a) Suppose HR planners estimate that because of several technological innovations your company will need 25 percent fewer employees in three years. What actions would you take to-day?

(b) Suppose a key employee has just resigned and you are the department manager. After you have sent your request for replacement, how could you help the recruiter to find the best replacement.

(2 x 5 = 10 marks)

F 8198

(Pages: 2)

Reg. No .......

Name ..............

M.B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER 2010

Second Semester

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

(2008 admission onwards)

Time: Three Hours

Maximum: 60 Marks

Part A

Answer all questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

I. (A) Explain the Dupont Analysis.

Or

(B) What are the major types of financial decisions that a business firm makes? How do they

involve risk-return trade-off?

II. (A) The "cost-volume-profit relationships provide management with a simplified framework for

organising its thinking on a number of problems". Discuss.

Or

(B) The practical analyst should take into account time value of money to take objective decisions".

Explain the statement with suitable illustrations.

III. (A) What are the advantages of the risk-adjusted discount rate? What is the major problem in

using this approach to handle risk in capital budgeting?

Or

(B) Explain the relationship between risk and return as per CAPM.

IV. (A) Explain the Net Operating Income Theory of capital structure.

Or

(B) Explain and state the circumstances which favour the use of debenture financing.

V. (A) Discuss briefly the Net Present Value method and state its merits in evaluating capital

expenditure.

Or

(B) Write short notes on :

(i) Deep Discount Bond.

(ill) Working capital cycle.

(ii) Lock box system.

(iv) Economic order quantity.

(5 x 10 = 50 marks)

Part B

Answer the following question.

VI. X Corporation has estimated that for a new product its break-even point is 2000 units, if the item

is sold for Rs. 14 per unit. The cost accounting department has currently identified variable cost of Rs. 9 per unit. Calculate the degree of operating leverage for sales volume of 2500 units and 3000 units. What do you infer from the degree of operating leverage at the sale volumes of 2500 units and 3000 units and their difference, if any?

(1 x 10 =10 marks)

MBA Third Semester Syllabus ( 2008 onwards)

2010-09-11T03:58:00.000-07:00

MBA Third Semester Syllabus ( 2008 onwards)

Third Semester

CC 301 Global Business Environment     40 60 100

EC302 Elective                                   1 40 60 100

EC303 Elective                                  2 40 60 100

EC304 Elective                                   3 40 60 100

EC305 Elective                                   4 40 60 100

EC306 Elective                                   5 40 60 100

EC307 Elective                                  6 40 60 100

CC308 Organizational Study                40 60 100

Total :                                                 320 480

LIST OF ELECTIVES

MAR KET1N G

1. Consumer Behaviour

2. Management of Marketing Communication.

3. Services Marketing

4. Marketing Research.

5. Industrial Marketing

6,. Product & Brand Management

FINANCE

1. Advanced Corporate Finance

2 . Advanced Managerial Accounting

3. Bank Management

4. Management of Financing Services

5. Tax Management

6. International Finance.

SYSTEMS

1. Software Project Management

2. Introduction on Security Management

3. Information Systems

4. E Business

5. Data Base Management Systems

6. Enterprise Resource Planning

HRM

1 Counseling Skills for Managers

2. Industrial Relations

3. Reward Management

4. Training & Development

5. Performance Management

6. Managing of Interpersonal & Group Process

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS’

1. International Economics

2. International Financial Market and Foreign Exchange Management

3. Foreign Trade Policy & Procedures

4. Globalization Strategies

5. International Logistics Management

6. Global Trade

SEMESTER III

GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Module I

Introduction to International Business, Globalization of the world economy, World trade and foreign investment trends, Technological changes, Types of international business, Economics political and legal systems, The cultural dimensions of international business

Module 2

The global trade and investment environment, Government influence, Trading practices, Independence, interdependence and dependence, World financial environment, Cross national cooperation and agreements, Tarrif and non tarrif barriers, WTO, Regional blocks, Production and operations management in international trade

Module 3

Global Financial Environment, Foreign exchange market mechanism, Determinants of exchange rates, Nature of international capital market, The euro currency market, Off shore financial centers, International banks, Non banking financial institutions

Module 4

Global competitiveness: Export Management, Procedures export and import financing, Export assistance, Licensing and joint ventures, Globalization of human resource development, Research and development in Global market

Module 5

Globalization with social responsibility, World economic growth and environment, Country evaluation and selection, International business diplomacy, Negotiation in international business: issues in asset protection, Multilateral settlements

ELECTIVES

ELECTIVE - MARKETING

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

Course Objective:

To enable the participants to understand consumer behaviour in the marketplace and to use that in the development of marketing strategies.

Module!

Introduction to consumer decision making models — EPS, LPS, RRB — stages in consumer decision making process need analysis — information search — evaluation, - purchase and post purchase behaviours — factors influencing consumer behaviour.

Module II

Consumer as an individual — consumer needs and motivation — nature of personality and self concept behavioural learning theories — characteristics of a group — types of groups — consumer relevant groups — reference groups — promotional applications of reference group concept — the family decision making - family life cycle — marketing. behaviour — social class categories — consumer behavioural applications of social classification.

Module Ill

Social impact on the consumer — culture — social classes — family and personal influence — characteristics of a group — types of groups — consumer relevant groups — reference groups — promotional applications of reference group concept — the family decision making — family life cycle

— marketing behaviour — social class categories — consumer behaviour applications of social classification.

Module JV

Course and consumer behaviour — characteristics of culture — sub culture — cross cultural marketing — personal influence and opinion leadership — dynamics of opinion leadership process — influence of opinion leaders in the promotional strategy of a firm — adoption and diffusion of an innovation — profile of consumer innovators — marketing applications

Module V

Impact of environment on consumer behaviour — temporal effects — instore merchandising — store layout. - store ambience — models of consumer decision making — Indian consumers — behavioural patterns of Indian consumer — cultural and religious issues in marketing in India — organizational buying process and factors influencing organizational buying behaviour.

MARKETING RESEARCH

Course Objectives

Marketing Research aims at researching the market to guide the manager in his decision making . This course is designed to equip the student in planning, executing the marketing research process and collating and interpreting the data thus received.

Module I

Introduction to marketing research — importance, role and application — types of research and research agencies — marketing information system and decision support system — cost and time consideration in research - role of information in decision making - concept of decision making under uncertainty and cost of additional information.

Module II

The research process — identifying research problems and setting

research objectives — developing research proposals — research design — data sources — primary and secondary source — audits and panel data — surveys and experiments in marketing research — experimental designs.

Module III

Designing tools for data collection — questionnaires and schedules

— data collection methods — observation, physiological measures, direct interview, telephone, mail and use of internet - qualitative research — FGDs, depth interviews, projective techniques — field work planning and control — problems in data collection.

Module IV

Sampling design — sample frame, sample unit, sample size determination, sampling method — sampling errors — data editing — coding and tabulation — uses of software for processing of data — data analysis and interpretation — different methods of analysis — report preparation — final presentation.

Module V

Application of research process in marketing activities — research

for new product development — assessing market potential for products — pricing studies — measuring brand equity — distribution studies — consumer perception and behaviour studies — advertising research — studies for other promotion activities opinion surveys.

SERVICES MARKETING

Course Objective

This course intends to familiarize the students with the concept of service marketing, its different aspects and how it can be managed.

Module I

Definition of service — nature and characteristics — classification of services — the role of services in the economy — evolution of services marketing — distinction between goods and services.

Module II

Service mission — developing a service mission — customer oriented service marketing — service marketing segmentation — process, identifying alternative bases for segmentation — identifying and selection target markets — positioning and differentiation of services — levels of positioning and process.

Module Ill

The services marketing mix — developing marketing mix strategy — service marketing triangle — managing demand — expectation and perception of service quality — service encounters — customer retention, CRM — measuring services quality and customer satisfaction — SERVQUAL — The Gap model — TQM.

Module IV

Service marketing planning process — environment — service scapes — resource allocation and monitoring distribution — pricing of services — process, types — Promotion of services — advertisement, personal selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, publicity and PR — service product development and management.

Module V

Marketing Information System and Marketing Research — application of services marketing in various industries — financial services, health care, hospitality, IT public utilities — recent trends in service marketing - govt. regulations, policies.

PRODUCT & BRAND MANAGEMENT

Course objective

This course is intended to give an insight into an integrated approach to the management of products and brands.

Module I

Product management — concept and importance — role of product manager — product policy — product oriented organization and product teams — market segmentation — product differentiation — targeting & product positioning — product plans — components of a product plan — product audit.

Module II

Demand forecasting — feasibility and new product research — new product development stages — diffusion and adoption process - new product launch —strategies — successes and failure.

Module III

Product life cycle —stages — strategies adopted at different stages — managing product line and product mix — product portfolio models — criticisms of portfolio models .— managing product portfolio — product deletions — product revitalization.

Module IV

Brand management — concept and definition of brand — value addition from branding — stages in brand building — brand identity — brand naming process — brand extensions — brand equity — components and management of brand equity — brand awareness, brand. loyalty, brand associations, perceived quality — brand equity measurement — brand as feelings.

Module V

Brand personality — -brand perception — concept and importance — managing brand personality and its measurement — difference between brand personality, brand ambassador and celebrity models — trends in product and brand management - global branding — mass customization

— co-branding —turbo marketing — marketing through Internet —e commerce.

ELECTIVE -FINANCE

ADVANCED CORPORATE FINANCE

Module l

Working Capital Management — Determination of level of current Assets. Sources for financing working capital. Bank finance for working capital. (No problems on estimation of working capital)

Working capital financing —Short term financing of Working Capital, Long term financing of working capital. Working capital Leverages.

Module2

Cash Management —Forecasting cash flows - Cash Budgets , Long term cash forecasting, monitoring collections and receivables, optimal cash balances, Baumol Model, Miller-orr model, stone model. Strategies for managing surplus fund.

Module3

Capital structure decisions — capital structure & market value of a firm. Theories

of capital structure —NI approach, NOI approach, Modigliani & Miller approach.

Traditional Approach.

Arbitrage process in capital structure. Planning the capital structure: EBIT and

EPS analysis. ROl & ROE analysis. Capital structure policy.

Module 4

Dividend policy —Theories of dividend policy: relevance & irrelevance dividend decision. Walter’s & Gordons Model, Modigliani & Miller approach. Dividend policies —stable dividend, stable payout & growth. Bonus shares & stock split corporate dividend behaviour. Legal and procedural aspects of Dividends. Corporate Dividend Tax.

Module 5

Corporate Financial Modelling - Agency problem & Consideration. Effect of

Inflation on:

Asset Value, Firm Value, returns, corporate governance, Concept, components

of EVA. Market Value Added EVA, MVA, Financial Reengineering ,Behavioural

Finance

ADVANCED MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING

Module 1

Nature and scope of management accounting- Need for management accounting. Features , objectives, scope ,functions , advantages and limitations- Management accountant ,functions, roles , duties and qualities- organization of management accounting — management accounting and finance function.

Module 2

Job and batch costing — contract costing and process costing — application of process costing , inter process profit. Equivalent production. Joint product and byproduct.

Module 3

Operating or service costing- transport costing ,powerhouse costing, Canteen Costing, Hospital Costing, Cinema Costing, Advertising Based Costing. Introduction• & implementation of A B C System.

Module 4

Transfer Pricing, productivity Measures, Bench Marking, Choice of performance metrics for compensation purposes. The Balanced scorecard.

Module 5

Human resource Accounting- Need & Development concept, valuation of

Human Resources — Recording & Disclosure in Financial Accounting — Importance of Human Resource Accounting — Objections against Human

Resource Accounting — Human resource Accounting in India —Social Accounting

BANK MANAGEMENT

Module 1

Origin and kinds of Banks — Unit and branch banking- Universal Banking — Banking system in India- Central bank —Evolution — Functions — control of credit

— Role of RBJ — Organization and Management

Commercial banks — Cooperative Banks — Development banking- NBFC’s — Unorganized sector —Nationalization and social responsibility of banking — Privatization & infusion of financial efficiency.

Module 2

Commercial Banks -Functions of Commercial Banks — Agency Services — General Utility Services — Credit creation & Limitations of Credit creation.

Practice of Banking — Banker —Customer Relationship —‘Special Relationship

La of Limitation — Banker as A trustee & an agent — Appropriation of payment — Right of lien and setoff- Obligation to maintain secrecy — Garnishee order

Module 3

Electronic payment Systems — Teller Machines- Cash dispensers — ATMs — Anywhere Anytime Banking —Home Banking —Online enquiry and update facilities- Personal Identification Numbers —and their use —credit and debit cards

— smart cards — signature storage & display by electronic means —MICR cheques.

Module 4

Electronic Banking and Internet Banking — Electronic Fund Transfer System — Plain Messages — Structural Messages — SWIFT — CHIPS- CHAPS — FEDWIRE

— RTGS — Facets of Electronic banking — Bank to Bank — E Banking — Electronic Central Banking — E Banking transactions — Internet Banking- security considerations —rangaraj or Sacraf and Schere Committee recommendations.

Module 5

International Banking — Exchange rate — Documentary letter of credit —Facilities for exporters and importers — correspondent banking and NRI bank Accounts — EXIM Banks —ECGC Banks — Role of FEDAI.

Evaluating Bank Performance —ROE Model —CAMEL’s ratings- Traditional GAAP based performance Measures —Profitability Analysis, Balanced Scorecard. Mergers and Acquisitions in Banks — Value creation through mergers —motives behind mergers —valuation procedures —Financial and Non —Financial considerations in Mergers and Acquisitions

TAX MANAGEMENT

Module l

Taxation system in India : Direct & Indirect. Income Taxation : Basics of change concepts : Income, Person. PY / AY, Residence Total Income. Meaning of Tax free Income, FTZ & EOUs.

Module 2

Taxaton Process: An overview of the 5 heads of Income

Module 3

Taxation in companies: Heads of Income, Setoff & carry forward Decline & exceptions, depreciation. Computation of tax liability

Module 4

Tax Management, Financial Decision Making — Basis of location, Type of Activity,

ownership pattern, Dividends & inter corporate dividends transfer.

Tax Management ,Specific Managerial Decisions—Make / Buy Own / Lease,

Closure / Continue.

Sale in domestic Foreign Markets, replacements.

Module 5

Double Tax Agreement : Meaning, Implication, FBT, STT, BCTT, Service Tax, MAT. Tax Planning: Tax Avoidance, Evasion planning & Management.

ELECTIVE - SYSTEMS

SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Course objectives— After completing this course the student may be able to independently plan and execute a software project including its cost estimation.

Module 1

TEAM Organization: members, centralized — control team structure, decentralized — control team structure, mixed — central team structure, assessment of team structures; Rayleigh curve, Personnel Plan, effort distribution, task set definition.

Module 2

PROJECT SCHEDULING AND CONTROL: Work break - down structure(s).; project scheduling and milestones , Gantt charts, PERT charts, time sheets, reviews, most-schedule- milestone graph, earned value method, unit development folder, dealing with deviation from the plan.

Module 3

SoftwareQuality Assurance: SCM process, configuration, identification, version control;. change control, configuration audit, status reporting.

Module 4 -

SOFTWARE PROJECT ESTIMA TION: Size- oriented, function — Oriented, extended function point metrics; Process based estimation; Empirical estimation models; single variable models; COCOMO model, MAKE- buy decision: Decision tree, outsourcing.

Module 5

RISK MANAGEMENT: Software risks; risk identification; product size risk. Business impact risk, customer related risk; risk component and drivers; risk projection, risk mitigation, monitoring and management. Reactive and pro-active risk strategies.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Module 1

Introduction to DBMS — View of data — Data Models — Languages — Different types of Database Systems — Database administration — Database users

Module 2

Data Models — E-R Model — Concepts, Design issues — E-R Diagrams — Entity sets

— Design of E-R data based schema — Reduction of Schema to tables — Relational

Models — Structure of Relational Database — Relational Algebra

L

Module 3

SQL — Basic structure, operations, functions, queries — Derived relations — DDL Modification Databases — Transaction Concepts — States — Concurrency control

Query optimization

Module 4

Relational Database Design — Pitfalls in relational Database Design — Decomposition — Normalization - Normalization techniques — Domain key normal form and alternative approaches to database design — Database backup and recovery

Module 5

Emerging trends in Database Management — Object oriented databases — Decision support systems — Data Mining — Data warehousing — Multimedia

databases — Geographic databases — Distributed Information Systems

ELECTIVE -HRM

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Module 1

Industrial Relations Evolution and Characteristics, Theories and Approaches,

Emerging socio economic and technological scenario in India, Industrial unrest,

Industrial conflict conditions of good industrial relations — emerging trends, ethical

codes and IA, Role of ILO

Module 2

• Role and future of Trade Unions, trade union and the employee, trade union and the management, Problems of trade union, Trade Union Act, Workers education and training.

Module 3

Overview of industrial Disputes Act, discipline and grievance management, code of discipline in industry, Unfair labour, practices, grievance and IR, grievance procedure, dispute settlement and preventive machinery

Module 4

Collective bargaining — Concepts, theories, Collective bargaining and IR systems, Negotiation and collective bargaining, collective bargaining practices,

L wage policy and wage regulation machinery, productivity bargaining and gain sharing, Participative management — concepts, importance and practices

Module 5

Employee empowerment and quality management — Quality circles, concept of technological change — its relevance to Indian context

REWARD MANAGEMENT

Module 1

Employee rewards : Concepts and components; the total reward system; Reward policy in organizations. Wage Concepts: Minimum wage, fair wage, Living wage, Types of wages, Wage policy in India. Wage determination: Wage determinant methods, Wage differentials, Working of different institutions relating to reward systems like Wage Boards and pay commission

Module2

Job Evaluation : Introduction, internal and External Equity, Methods of evaluation and process, Computer based support systems.

Module 3

Pay structure, board banding, contingent pay, pay for performance, competence, skill based incentive schemes. Executive and ‘shop floor level, team rewards, profit sharing and gain sharing, stock options. Compensating expatriates and knowledge workers.

Module 4

Benefits and allowance, downsizing, VRS, pay restructuring in mergers, acquisitions and alliances, partnership turnarounds, boardroom pay, pay structure for start up organizations

Module 5

Legal frame work of wage determination, payment and social security, emerging issues in compensation management, future trends, international remuneration, tax planning in organizations.

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

Module 1

Training, Concepts, strategy, definition concepts, training as a subset of HR, training process, Training Need Identification and Analysis(TN1A), Important steps in TNIA, the frame work.

Module 2

Programme design, planning and implementation, training objectives, training

models. budget for training, types of training, roles, responsibilities and

challenges for training managers.

Module 3

Programme context, teaching aids for training, types of training, e-learning and computer based training, classification of training methods, importance of training methods and criterion fro selecting training methods, MDP — Different methods.

Module 4

Psychology of learning, learning principles, and conditions, adult learning process, procedures and practices, principles of adult learning, organizational learning and development

Module 5

Implementation of training programmes, training outcomes, training evaluation, training audit, training and development practices in Indian organizations, best practices, procedures and activities in training effectiveness ROl in training

MANAGING OF INTERPERSONAL AND GROUP PROCESS

Module 1

Intra-personal process — understanding human behaviour, self concept, perception, attention, distraction, attitude, occupational stress and coping, impression management

Module 2

Memory — Process and types, intelligence, intelligence quotient, emotional intelligence, emotional quotient

Module 3

Inter personal process — transactional analysis — Johasi window helping process, communication and feedback, interpersonal styles

Module 4

Group and inter group process — group formation and group process, organizational communication, team development and team functioning, conflict, collaboration and competition, sensitivity training

Module 5

Organizational process — an overview of major concepts on emerging trends — power, politics, authority, integration and control, organizational climate and culture, organizational effectiveness

ELECTIVE :INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS.

FOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND PROCEDURES.

Module I

Government intervention in foreign trade-inward and outward oriented

—trade strategies brief historical review of India’s trade policy-Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act-salient features of the current foreign trade policy of India.

Module II

Export promotion measures- organisational setup-export promotion/assistance organizations-state trading and conalistion —production —assistance-marketing assistance-export and trade house-incentives-special economic zones- evaluation of export promotion system.

Module’ III

Export procedures and documentation, Import procedures and documentation

Module IV

Payment teams-Income terms-receiving payments for exports-making payments for imports-letter of credit and international trade.

Module V

International trade financing-pre-shipment credit-post-shipment credit- objectives, functions, role and assistance schemes of Exim Bank-forfeiting - ECGC and export credit risk insurance-marine insurance.

INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

Module I

Integrated logistics management-concept, evaluation and development- importance of logistics management to international business-international logistics functions and intermediaries.

Module II

Logistics information system-positioning information in logistics-logistics information systems design-LI in logistics; strategic information linkage.

Module Ill

The general structure of shipping industry —cargo types-vessels vessel characteristics-linear operations and tram operations-chartering of bulk ocean carriers-chartering principles-the ocean linear conference system-freight structure and practices — coordination-role of intermediaries-forwarding and clearing agents-freight brokers-stevendores and shippers agents.

Module IV

Shipper-ship owner consultation arrangements-the needed scope and machinery for consultation-types of consulting machinery-All India Shippers’ council, shippers’ associations and FIB and various standing comities set up for resolving shipper’s problems-UN convention on code of conduct for linear shipping conference.

Module V

Technological developments in ocean transportation-containerization international air transportation-current issues.